Peterly Jean Baptiste
US- EU relations
Introduction
Relations between the United States and the Europe dates back as far to 1950. Back in those days the U.S dealt with the ECSC, European Coal and Steel Community. The ECSC was created in the wake of WWII, established by the Treaty of Paris, with the sole purpose of uniting Europe which had been hammered by three increasingly destructive wars. The ECSC’s objective of unity was forged through the creation of a free trade area for several key economic and military resources: coal, coke, steel, scrap, and iron ore. The plan for trade area was proposed by the French foreign minister Robert Schuman, one of the Founding father of the European Union. The ECSC was one of three treaties
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Relations between the U.S. and EU were strengthen, and became less about war and more about diplomatic action and economic relation. The Transatlantic Declaration of 1990 underlined key reforms and conditions of their transatlantic relations.
The declaration included common goals such as:
• support democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights and individual liberty, and promote prosperity and social progress world- wide;
• pursue policies aimed at achieving a sound world economy marked by sustained economic growth with low inflation, a high level of employment, equitable social conditions, in a framework of international stability
Today they collaborate on wide variety of issues, from terrorism to human rights. They also work together on education policy. A complete account of their ongoing dialogues can be found on the following websites:
The United State Mission to the European Union http://web.archive.org/web/20131206171017/http://useu.usmission.gov/index.html The Delagation of the European Union to the United States http://www.euintheus.org/ The American Education System
“The United States has a decentralized education system based upon our federal Constitution, which reserves power over education to the states and local authorities, as well as to individual schools and higher education institutions.” — United States Department of
Although the balance of power between the national government and the states has changed over the years, the federalist system is a fundamental part of the U.S. government (The White House, 2013). The states sponsor important programs to fund education, help troubled cities and provide social services. At the local level, the municipalities control a number of other services and regulations, but never fail to be in collaboration between the national, state and local governments. The constitution was put into place to support and defend the basic right of civilians of the United States (Marchant, 2003). Although the Constitution does not refer to education, operation and management of schools is made, particularly with respect to amendments to protect individual rights of students, faculty and staff. With these set laws into place to hold our country
Education is the foundation to secure an individual in having a better future and a successful career in life. Public education primarily falls upon the state and local government to take charge of, which get divided up into local school districts that are managed by school boards. School boards are “ an elected body corporate which manages delegated powers in regards to the deliver of education service within a defined territory (Duhaime’s Law Dictionary)”. Each state “has its own department of education and laws regulating finance, the hiring of school personnel, student attendance, and curriculum (Corsi-Bunker, Antonella).
The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution declares that the states have the authority in handling educational standards (Boslaugh, 2015). Each state can come up with their own requirements and rules for their educational systems. For many years, this system seemed to work and showed good results. The United States had one of the best educational systems throughout the world.
Despite a blistering cold war between east and west Europe in the 1950’s, including the violent suppression of anti-communist protests in 1956 Hungary, the six founders of the ECSC reconvened in 1957 and signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community, or the “Common Market”.
The Union initially developed from the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty by the founding countries which was signed in Paris in 1951. It was created for the free movement of coal and steel among countries with the free access to sources of production. The Treaty expired on 23rd of July 2002 (Europa.eu, 2010). This Treaty was very successful as it created better relationships between member countries, which lead the countries to sign the Treaty of Rome on the 25th of March 1957. The Treaty of Rome
Indirectly, or directly, one can argue, public schools are controlled by the federal and state governments. Several issues have emerged, because of the conflict between federal and state requirements for education. “Under the Tenth Amendment, any authority not given specifically to the federal government is reserved to the states. Thus, the federal government has no authority to regulate education directly; that belongs to the states” (Underwood, n. d., p. 2). To get around this, the federal government controls the schools through funds for complying with certain initiatives, procedures, and policies (Underwood, n. d.). Ironically, both the state and federal levels of government hold the district liable for implementing different agendas and legal obligations. The federal government, however, can ensure that no citizen is denied their rights or privileges, even in a private institution, because of the Bill of Rights and other amendments. Failure to comply by these amendments or statutes can lead to the loss of federal funding and legal reproductions for schools.
Following WWII and during the Cold War, there was a sense of instability in Europe. To counteract this, many nations believed that a united Europe could suppress the intense nationalism and militarism that lead to both world wars. Other nations reacted with advocacy, protest or were simply equivocal. Post WWII Europe was extremely chaotic and disjointed. Alliances had been made and broken during the world wars, so tensions were at an all time high throughout the continent.
The Education system currently in use by the United States of America is a modified version of a methodical tool used to implement obedient control at young age and centralized power solidification. A problem with the system is the obsessive culture of
Is the current structure of the America’s educational system holding us back from making progress? This topic is a current debate within educational and political circles, yet a solution to America’s educational crisis has not been established. One party feels that schools should be nationally controlled or moved to the private sector and only through aggressive reform can real progress be made. The opposite side of the argument feels we should hold onto America’s traditions, and the constant inconsistencies and reforms have caused the educational crisis. Unfortunately the U.S political climate controls our system and treats students as another campaign point. The U.S. educational system needs some aspects of educational control under a standardized, national system while other aspects of education should remain in the hands of local communities to uphold the diverse cultural needs of America’s students.
Public schooling in the United States seems somewhat unique in the fact it is essentially a set of state-based systems unlike many other nations education systems that are managed and operated by their national government. “Although the Tenth Amendment [of the U.S. Constitution] seems merely to state the truism that all that is not delegated to Congress is reserved to the states, the Court found in this amendment a core principle of state sovereignty. This principle required that the federal government not intrude in areas traditionally controlled by the state.” (Epstein, 2004, pg. 46). There is a federal government role in education and there are many national influences such as education organization representing diverse groups from various
This is false because, each state has a right to make their own decisions involving education. Our founding fathers purposely didn’t include this in the constitution, allowing states the right to decide for themselves.
By the end of 2008, the European Union began experiencing rippling effects of the United States financial crisis. Several member countries, most notably on the southern end of the continent, faced high levels of debt and unemployment. Portugal, Iceland, Ireland, Greece, and Spain, derogatively referred to as “PIIGS,” required extensive economic support from the EU in order to repay government debts and bail-out private banks. Disbursal of aid in 2010 proved successful in promoting economic recovery in some countries; however, the vast majority observed only slight economic improvement which led to doubts regarding the effectiveness of the harsh austerity measures implemented. Ireland has most clearly benefited from the financial support of the European Union as the country’s unemployment rate has dropped below ten percent and is expected to witness 4.5% GDP growth in 2016. Portugal, on the other hand, shows little fiscal improvement as evident in an unemployment rate of 13% and an expected GDP growth of only 1.6% in 2016. Although both countries faced tough financial crises in 2010, Ireland has notably outperformed Portugal in resolving the situation. The weak economy in Portugal, as well as continued fiscal hardship in the remaining “PIGS” countries, threaten the preservation of the European Union as financial inequality between the members persists.
Currently the education system in the United States is funded mostly on a state and local level, who always borne over 90% of the public elementary and secondary education finances (need cite). The original Department of Education was developed in 1867 to collect information on schools and teaching that would help the States establish effective school systems (need cite). Fast forward over one hundred years to 1980, when Congress established the Department of Education as a Cabinet level agency, and note that education standards and improvement continue to be of great importance to the government. It is important to note that the state and federal government play separate roles in the education of students, whereas the federal government has the means to
After World War II ended, most of Western Europe had been reduced to ruin. In an effort to protect itself from possible future invasions, the Western European Union (WEU) was founded by the following countries: Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. When the city of Berlin was blockaded in 1948 by the Soviet Union, members of the WEU decide that a wider foundation of cooperation is needed-one that involves the United States. The United States and WEU formed a new alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, in response to the Communist aggression in Eastern Europe, Korea, and Czechoslovakia.
People have created unions many times but not all of them were successful, specifically when we consider alliances among number of countries with different economics, political systems and culture. For instance, last century brought both the biggest collapse and the most promising union in the modern history. Although U.S.S.R has disappeared from geographical maps, some of its members joined another alliance. The European Union (EU) is an economic and political partnership that united 28 countries on the European part of Eurasia and represents a unique form of cooperation among members today.