Remodeling Cycle

Osteoblast- cells which build bone by removing calcium and phosphates form the blood in the presence of the enzymes alkaline phosphates secrete by

Bone is a living tissue and made up of cartilage. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva bone appears as normal bone tissue, but it develops in the wrong places. Osteogenesis and ossification are medical terms which refer to the formation of bone. Most bones in the human body grow and heal up after a break through endochondral bone formation, which is how FOP bones grow. Cartilage forms first and then the bone will eventually take the place of cartilage.

Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, which is a thin layer of cartilage between the epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone at the distal ends of the long bones. Bone growth is the result of maturation, growth of chondrocytes, their production of bone matrix, and finally calcification (47). The growth plate is a complex structure consisting of different layers of cells, as shown in figure 3. The most immature cells, the stem cells, are found towards the epiphyseal end of the growth plate in the stem cell zone, or resting zone; the proliferating zone contains more mature chondrocytes and the hypertrophic zone contains the larger chondrocytes. The resting stem cells in the resting zone are recruited, whereupon proliferation and differentiation

1. Describe bone physiology and the bone remodeling cycle. Be sure to emphasize the two types of bone tissue and the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

The 1938 film, “Mamele,” directed by Joseph Green and Konrad Tom is musical comedy-drama that portrays the life of Havche, a dutiful daughter who keeps her family intact after their mother’s death. Havche spends her day cleaning the house and providing food for her family members. She is so caught up on doing household chores that she has little time for herself. More importantly, the film emphasizes on Havche and her family, as she tries to be the mother and take care of her family. Throughout the movie, we witness the struggles Havche overcomes by not being appreciated for the sacrifices she makes. It isn’t until she finds comfort from Schlesinger, a violinist who lives across her. The film also embraces the entire gamut of interwar Jewish

Mature long bones consist of 3 distinct parts which are epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis. The epiphysis located at the both ends of long bone and composed of thin compact bone shell with a large amount of bony struts (trabecular bone) for supporting the cortical shell. In fact, the bony struts which located below the compact bone also aid as shock absorber. The thicker shell of compact bone which located just below a joint is known as the subchondral bone. It helps to support the hyaline articular cartilage of the joint just above it and have some lacks in organization of cortical bone as it is not true cortical bone. The epiphysis also serves as an attachment region in many bones includings joint capsular, ligaments, and some tendons.

It is when the cell osteoblasts are activated on the surface of the bone and creates layers of cells called osteoclasts which consume cartilage.

There are two major types of bone; trabecular (also called cancellous or spongy), and cortical (also called compact). Cortical bone is denser and hard, whereas trabecular bone is a honeycomb network

The film 13th gives way to issues that continue to plague our nation. This idea that the worlds prison population is disproportional to that of the overall world population. According to this film, “ Five percent of the worlds population makes up twenty-five percent of the prison population” (DuVernay, 2016). This statistic is astounding and due in part to, according to the film, the exclusion of criminals from the thirteenth amendments abolishment of slavery. The disproportionality in prison population, not only of people but also of the race make up of people, compared to their world population numbers is something that was started many years ago and still to this day, 2016, is an issue worth addressing.

The biological process of osseointegration following the creation of an osteotomy site includes blood clot formation and the release of growth factors (BMP’s, VEGF etc.); this is followed by new blood vessel formation (Angiogenesis). The presence of a fibrin scaffold between the osteotomy site and the surface of the implant serves as a transition between the bone marrow (where the osteoprogenitor cells are located) and the surface of the implant, which is a very important factor in the migration of osteoprogenitor cells into the bone-implant interface zone. When the cells get there, they begin the deposition of lamellar bone and then the formation of a more mature bone on the surface of the implant to achieve a good osseointegration. The reason

The microscopical anatomy of compact bone are composed of osteon, canals/canaliculi, and interstitial and circumferential lamellae. The osteon is considered the structural unit of the bone, which is wrapped in bone matrix called lamellae. These cylinder-reminiscent structures act as pillar to bear weight. Canals perforate though the center of osteons and are filled with blood vessels and nerve fibers. Interstitial and circumferential lamellae help fill gaps between osteons and provide support to long bones against twisting. Spongy bone has no particular structure and is scattered. Its function is help cushion bones and stores bone between its trabeculae. These significant features help bone tissue thrive its role of assisting support, but factors like diet, age, and environment can cause the decay and brittleness of the bone which later leads to the condition of

Bone is the substance that forms the skeleton of body. It is composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It is also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a large role in calcium balance in blood. The main function of bone is they support and protect various of organs in body, stores blood cell and store minerals. Bone can be categorized as a fragile part in body. The replacement and repair of bone due to accident, cancer or bone defect is a major clinical challenge which can be countered by bone grafting. Bone grafting or transplantation with artificial bone material is the solution for the problem [1].

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone

The two main age-related changes that are seen in this system pertain to the bones and soft tissues. Bone is the fundamental part

Decades ago, numerous studies toke place on bone growth and healing with the use of guided bone regeneration concepts. Bone has been considered as the one tissue with the greatest potential for regeneration among the many tissue in the body. A long time ago in 1889 senn reported that the present of decalcified bone could encourage healing of the bone defects (170). Guided bone regeneration is frequently used the same concept for hard tissue reconstruction (128, 171, 172). The treatment concept includes the application of occlusive membranes for the regeneration of osseous defects. The membrane induce osteogenic cell population coming from the parent bone tissue by excluding the non-osteogenic cell population from the surrounding soft tissues, thereby inhibit the osseous wound (173-176). Actually, the placement of mechanical membranes over the jaw bone defects resulted in effective results in rabbits (177) and over cranial defects in rats (178). Therefore, guided bone regeneration (GBR) was introduced as a therapeutic modality aiming to achieve bone regeneration, via the use of barrier membranes (87).