Osteoclast

Macrophages and osteoclasts are cells that form from a common myeloid lineage. Because of this common lineage, both cell types share similar properties that can lead to tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. Macrophages are large white blood cells found in the innate immune system that utilize phagocytosis to engulf pathogens in order to eliminate them, while osteoclasts are large cells found in the bone that break down and absorb bone tissue. Macrophages have properties that allow them to

proposed by Svetalana V. Komarova, Robert J. Smith, S. Jeffrey Dixon, Stephan M Sims, and Lindi M. Wahl. Bone remodeling in the human body is an intricate process where osteoclasts resorb existing mineralized tissue and osteoblasts form new bone. Bone remodeling involves various interactions between different cells in the osteoclasts and osteoblasts. A problem occurs when these interactions are disturbed and can lead to numerous different bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, or Paget’s

Main critical function of osteoclasts is maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast digests protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as bone resorption which in turn regulates calcium level in blood. Activated osteoclasts move to areas of micro fracture in the bone by chemotaxis. Osteoclasts lie in a small cavity called Howship's lacunae, formed from the digestion

The structural unit in compact bone is called the Haversian system and is organized as parallel columns, which run lengthwise down the axis of long bones. The Haversian system consists of the Haversian canal (central canal), a layer of lamellae (bone matrix), tiny spaces (lacunae) between the lamellae, osteocytes (bone cells) within the lacunae and canaliculi (small channels). Trabeculae are plates in spongy bone that branch and connect with one and another. The process of forming a new HAVERSIAN

osteoporosis. The cells that are responsible for the BMD to stay constant is osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The function of osteoblasts is that it produces new bone matrix in a process called ossification while osteoclasts are cells that remove and recycle bone matrix. For a normal bone, there is a balance between the action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts but in osteoporotic bone, the activity of the osteoclasts in removing bone matrix is faster than the osteoblasts can form a new bone matrix. This results

properties, the major highlights included: cell populations, mechanosensation, mechanotransduction, tissue composition, and tissue elastic properties. In the cellular matrix of trabecular bone, three main multicellular units, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, exist. Osteoclasts function in bone resorption as part of the bone remodeling process.

2.8 markers of Bone metabolism Biochemical markers of bone turnover, or bone turnover markers, represent bone matrix components or enzymes that are released into the circulation during bone formation or resorption (Lukaszkiewicz et al., 2001). Some bone turnover markers can be recovered and quantitated in the urine (Bilezikian et al., 2015 ). bone turnover markers have the potential to yield information about the metabolic status of bone (Bilezikian et al., 2015 ). They can be categorized as bone

insufficient resting time[1]. These factors can cause cells in your bones called osteoclasts to reabsorb calcium into blood by releasing hydrochloric acid to dissolve the calcium phosphate in the bone[3]. Calcium or vitamin D deficiency can lead to weakened bones. Many parts of your body need calcium to function such as

to decades, osteocytes are the key to bone integrity1. They are initially derived from osteoblasts, residing within bones and take part in bone metabolism through excessive communication with other bone cell populations, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and most importantly, osteocyte progenitors. Osteocytes secrete soluble signalling factors that regulate both bone formation and bone dissociation. Osteocytes have a stellate shape, with cell body of around 15 micrometers. In mature bones, osteocytes

As we grow up our bones change massively, as a baby you have approximately 300 bones, however as you develop and grow these bones fuse together to a point where by adulthood you have 206. As an embryo, your bones are mainly made up of cartilage. They are very soft and therefore are extremely fragile. Ossification is a process that uses calcium, as the child grows, to create bone. Gradually as ossification occurs bones get stronger and harder. Osteoblasts are cells that form in the marrow of bones