Research Paper On Sockeye Salmon

Salmon- large popular game fish, liked for their pink flesh, live in sea but come to freshwater to spawn.

An endangered species is a species of either plant or animal that is in serious risk of becoming extinct. This name became connected with the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in 1994 after being petitioned to be put on the list for nine years (NOAA). There are two main reasons behind the endangerment of the Chinook salmon: over exploration, and dams. Since the times of the Native Americans, Chinook salmon have been highly sought after as a food source. Since then the salmon have experienced great amounts of overfishing. Along with water demands which has resulted in overuse of water and diversion of water had affected spawning sites and loss of habitat putting further strain on their habitats (National Wildlife Federation).

In the article “Changes at Snake River dams helping Idaho sockeye salmon” it states that “an unusual combination of low water and an extended heat wave pushed water temperatures past 70 degrees, lethal for cold-water sockeye.” I have a very strong connection to fishing and I hate it when fish die for no good reason or because of a manmade structure. A report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said “One of the factors contributing to the deaths of sockeye salmon was “fallback,” a tendency of fish to successfully climb a dam’s fish ladder but then, running into warm water, decide to go back downstream, often via a dam’s spillway or through the turbines.” This reminds me of the time I was fishing near a small dam and caught

In 1997, through the combined effort of two Fishery Assistance offices, two National Fish Hatcheries, one Ecological Services office, and two State game and fish departments (North Dakota and Montana), two female and three male pallid sturgeons were spawned. Spawning pallid

There are many risks associated with eating farm-raised salmon versus wild- caught salmon. One risk that farm raised salmon faces is contaminants that can lead to cancer. Farm raised salmon are placed in artificially made bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, and salt water and within these bodies of water, contaminants such as PCBs can be present. Cancer causing chemicals can be present in both the water, farm-raised salmon swims in, and the food they eat. Another risk with farm-raised salmon is the use of antibiotics in order to keep the fish healthy. This unknown amount of antibiotics used on the fish can lead to a resistance to the antibiotic used to kill the bacteria’s in both human and the salmon. The humans that are consuming the fish that possess these antibiotics are unintentionally

While it is not entirely known how salmon manage to navigate treacherous waters to return to the place they are born, research shows that changes in the water have affected the way they perceive the world around them, and could greatly impact the way that salmon

Ever wonder where the salmon migrate? The salmon go through a lot of obstacles just to get to their destination. Salmon can live up to two to seven years. the Washington state has announced that the salmon are listed as threatened or endangered fish. In the salmon family there are eight species of salmon that grow in the Washington State (Chinook, Coho, Chum, Pink, Steelhead, Sockeye, Bull Trout, and Cutthroat.) and there are five that grow in the Pacific (Chinook, Chum, Coho, Pink, and Sockeye)

Juvenile Pacific Salmon and other migratory marine animals are travel many long distance under water to use resources in different oceanic regions. The main question is how these marine animals travel many long distance and able to locate Specific Ocean feeding areas without previous experience. Researchers experimentally demonstrate that the juvenile chinook salmon respond to magnetic field which lead them toward their marine feeding grounds. The “magnetic map” of Juvenile salmon to be inherited. These results, Similar with findings in the sea turtles indicate that the magnetic maps are genetically wide spread and show their navigational abilities evident in many long distance under water

Researchers believe that the declining salmon populations are mainly the result of the four H’s, harvesting habits, hydropower, habitat loss, and hatchery fish (Ruckelshaus et al., 2002, pp. 679). Harvesting habits refers to the impact overfishing has on the salon populations (Ruckelshaus et al., 2002, pp. 679). Every year, around 385,000 metric tons of Pacific salmon are caught by commercial fisherman and with weak stock conditions, the natural life cycle of these fish cannot keep up (Knapp, 2007). Hydropower refers to the dams that currently block many rivers in the Pacific Northwest that prevent salmon from reaching or returning from their native spawning grounds (Gore and Doerr, 2000, pp. 40-41). This means that salmon cannot breed as

One of the ways in which humans can mitigate some of the threats to Salmon populations is by restoring and protecting riparian zones, wetland areas next to freshwater. Preserved and densely forested riparian areas act as a buffer, filtering out pollutants and preventing sediment from entering the areas. The area also acts as a protector from the sun, keeping the water cold for the salmon, this is especially important as increase in temperature has changed the pathogen community. Another way to mitigate threats to wild salmon is by removing open net fish farms near wild salmon migratory routes. Open net fish farms allow for viruses, pesticides and other pollutants to move into the surrounding marine environment, which has in turn affected the wild salmon populations. Removing open net fish farms is perhaps the easiest mitigation

The life cycle of the Atlantic salmon begins in late October when rivers are just cool enough to begin production of the new salmon. The female starts by digging a small nest called a redd in the bottom gravel area of a stream. Reddd’s are built in a way that allows a clean flow and plenty of oxygen to be received by the growing fish. The male salmon then projects their milt (sperm) onto the redd to fertilize the egg. With swift movements made by the tail gravel is projected

In the California Central Valley, fall‐run juvenile Chinook salmon rear typically from January to June. However, in some years, the rearing period may be reduced due to high water temperatures in April. Growth and survival rates of juvenile Chinook salmon are affected by water temperature and cover (e.g., substrate pore spaces, gravel interstices, boulders, snags, over‐hanging vegetation, root wads, under‐cut banks, and macrophytes). Cover is important for protection from predation, flow displacement, water temperature stress, and the fish caloric intake optimization. Human-induced sources of stress to the riverine ecosystems include: “(1) overfishing (i.e., extracting larger quantities of fish than the system can sustain naturally); (2) nutrient

Since Chinook salmon is an anadromous specie, it is born in the fresh water, migrates to the ocean for 1-5 years and then returns to the Main-channel Rivers to spawn. The female lays around 3,000-14,000 eggs that are successfully fertilized by the males, however the eggs are very brittle and can be easily destroyed. Fortunately, enough hatch and survive in Alaska to ensure healthy stocks. After spawning, they typically die as they don’t feed on anything during their widespread migration and use up all the stored body fat for survival. (“CSSP”, n.d.). As an example of their extensive migration, we can look at “the Yukon River spawners that travel more than 2,000 river miles during a 60-day period to reach Canada”. Their major populations are located in Susitana, Taku, Copper, Kuskokwin, Nushagak river systems. The specie’s returning numbers from their sprawled spawning migrations had started declining in 2006, however they have significantly recovered now. (Wild explorer, n.d.)

The authors are exploring kin selection theories in Atlantic salmon (territorial fish). Theoretically, kin selection should be favourable in these fish, however, not much evidence has been shown in wild populations to support this theory. The reasoning for this is due to the method of calculating kin interaction in wild Atlantic salmon. Recent research showcases that the previous belief of distribution of the salmon: being fixed and static, is not as simple as it seems and that they have a more dynamic and overlapping environment. The authors are hypothesizing 1) the likelihood of dominant fish sharing food with kin vs non-kin and 2) if kin intimidation which is passed down from dominant to minor fish is present after the removal of dominant

Currently, there is no widely accepted treatment for mycobacteriosis because of the limited and varying success reported with conventional antibiotics in certain species of Mycobacterium. The reasons for this is due to resistance of several species to the fish immune system and the structure of the organism whereby it has a dense, waxy-like cell wall that prevents penetration of many common disinfectants. Due to this, agents like chlorine require higher doses and extended contact time. However, species susceptibility differs as M. marinum is more susceptible to chlorine than species such as M.chelonae. There have been records of the use of formalin or phenolic compounds as a disinfectant on farms. There are