Salmonellosis

6. Humans should not be concerned about the bacteriophages infecting other cells because each bacteriophage is particular to a certain bacteria. If the bacterial cell exhibits traits that are desirable to the certain bacteriophage, then the phage will chose to bind and infect it, otherwise people have nothing to worry about.

Isolating and characterize a novel phage from the environment requires several steps and several frustrations. By isolating and investigating a phage found in the Pullman region can hopefully lead to a newly discovered phage that can help researchers discover more about the life cycle and process of phage infection. Some phage infection can be good due to infecting the bacteria that is not wanted or is harmful to the environment or humans. Within this lab, there were steps taken necessary to isolate a novel phage that was obtained from the surrounding Pullman area. This report reflects plaques being isolated but then stopped due to errors and loss of plates. The final touches and procedures were accomplished with a given DNA ladder that was

This project is all about isolating bacteriophage in soil. They come in different sizes and shapes, each to their own unique look. Phages have a protective protein head that contains DNA and a hollow tube tails (http://phages.org/bacteriophage/). Since bacteriophage cannot reproduce and replicate themselves, they need a host to do the work for

In order to investigate the phage further, an EM image was taken allowing additional discoveries involving the physical structure of the phage. The length of the tail was four times as long as the diameter of the isometric capsid. This lead to the conclusion that WG belongs to the siphoviridae family of phage. To confirm the phage obtained belonged to the siphoviridae family it was compared to another siphoviridae phage named Rosebush [1]. Rosebush also had a long tail in comparison to the diameter of its’ capsid, thus providing additional evidence that WG belongs to the siphoviridae family. The fact that WG is siphoviridae tells us that it is a very common form of phage [2]. “The siphoviridae family makes up 90% of all known mycobacteria” [2]. Also, “siphioveridae phage contain a double-stranded DNA with an average genome size of 50 kb” [6]. Following the EM image lab, two gels were ran utilizing two different samples of the phage (E1 & E2). The E2/E3 gel displayed that the phage’s DNA contained well over 10,000 base pairs. The number of base pairs leads to the conclusion that WG contained a large amount of genomic

The number of occurring infections through Salmonella could be decreased using the One Health approach by initiating proper measures to prevent and possibly eliminate the infection throughout humans, animals, and the environment. The root of infection begins at the source, which would be the egg-laying chicken or hen. One measure that can be taken in diagnosing the disease is to evaluate outbreaks in groups to determine similarities

This has been a more pragmatic approach to the control of these pathogens because of the development of antibiotic resistance. This therapy has been used profitably since the early 1920s and encouraging results have been generated by the use of phage-mediated biocontrol of pathogenic E. coli in animals such as pigs and cows. A study was done on calves and piglets who had diarrhoea due to experimentally administered pathogenic E. coli. Results showed they were cured within 8 hours after phage administration. More studies also revealed that phage could act very successfully as a prophylactic. Recent results of phage therapy against other bacterial pathogens have also shown great potential. For example, it has been shown that intraperitoneal injections of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) finally cause death in mice while the application of intraperitoneal injection of phage after that of the bacteria very much reduces the fatality of the bacteria (O’Flynn et al., 2004; Biswas et al., 2002; Clark and March, 2006).

The increased use of antibiotics, development of resistance to these antibiotics and bacteriophage’s potential as a treatment model has forced the scientists to turn from antibiotic research to bacteriophages research. The use of bacteriophages in treating bacterial infections in humans as well as other species is termed as phage therapy.

We conducted this experiment to identify an unknown gram-negative bacteria, the potential unknowns are Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Proteus mirabilis. The unknown bacteria was analyzed with various biochemical test, which are the methyl red test, the citrate test, the gelatin hydrolysis test, the Voges-proskauer test, the urea hydrolysis test, the sulfur indole motility test and the triple sugar iron agar test. It was determined that the unknown bacteria was salmonella typhimurium.

We saved the rest of our bacterial culture, this included the original remaining E.coli culture. Next we pipetted 0.1ml of the T4 bacteriophages culture into the bacterial host cell culture and mixed it. We loosely placed a cap on the tube to allow for good aeration during our incubation period. We used this as the 0(initial) time for this experiment as well as for the start of the phage absorption of the bacteria. Once we have done this we start the incubation period, during this period we incubated the mixture of bacteria and bacteriophages at 37C for 30minutes. While we were waiting for this incubation process we labeled two TSB tubes as 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-4). Next you centrifuged the absorption culture at the highest speed in a clinical centrifuge for about five minutes. Next we diluted the culture〖10〗^(-4) fold in TSB broth using the two tubes we had labeled before. We add 0.1 ml of the culture to one of the tubes and mix it well. Which is the〖10〗^(-2). Adding the 0.1ml of

Food animal such as poultry, pigs, cattle but also pets like cats and dogs carry salmonella. The entire food chain can be infected through animal feed and up to final food outlets (WHO). However, outbreaks are very often caused by contaminated food. Ready to eat products are increasingly becoming sources of salmonella infection just as we witnessed at the Street Spice Carnival. Heating thoroughly food would help hold back salmonella

Before the discovery of antibiotics, research was being conducted on the use of bacteriophages for use in treating infections.16 Among the most abundant type of organism on the planet, bacteriophages present a solution that is species-specific and has less side effects than antibiotics, since eukaryotic cells lack the phage receptors needed for a phage infection.16 Of the two types of bacteriophages, lytic and lysogenic, lytic phages are of great interest due to the fact that they replicate in and subsequently lyse the bacterial host cell.16

Recently, persistence of foodborne bacterial pathogens in food processing environments has become of great impacting hazards to the public health as well as increases risk of microbial food contamination (Pricope et al., 2013; Larsen et al.,

A mycobacteria is a type of bacteria that can cause many infections the most common being tuberculosis. Another type of mycobacteria could cause leprosy (Mycobaterial Infections et al 2015). For research on mycobacteriophage the mycobacteria that is used is mycobacterium smegmatis, or M. Smegmatis, this is because M. Smegmatis is a non-pathogenic and faster growing bacteria. Mycobacterium smegmatis is also being used in labs because it resembles mycobacterium tuberculosis (Baloni et al 2015). The ultimate goal of researching phage and its behaviors is to use mycobacteria for research on tuberculosis (Joseph et al 2015). The compilation of all of this lead to the chase of

Salmonellosis is a common infectious disease that causes about one million cases every year. Most cases are minor and do not require any treatment, but some do lead to hospitalization and sometimes even death. Salmonellosis is typically contracted by an infected food or animal. Salmonellosis is commonly associated with undercooked or raw chicken, but it can actually be found in different types of food categories such as fruits. Some specific Salmonella serotypes will be found in a particular place, but ultimately Salmonella as a whole can be found in a wide array of places.

There are many differences between bacteriophages and bacterium. Bacteriophages (also known as phages) are viruses that are obligate intracellular parasites, therefore, need a specific host in order to for this virion to leave its dormant state. The bacterium serves as the host in which the virus inhabits, allowing for it to grow and replicate. According to the case study by Kari Mergenhagen, the virus also obtains and enormous size compared to the bacterium. It has special structures, such as, a protein coat (capsid) which is a nucleic acid genome. On the other hand, bacterium is not simply defined as being a host for phages. Bacterium is a microorganism which is unicellular, has cell walls, lacks of organelles and nucleus, and can reproduce