Shaded Ivy

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the maximum absorbance of fast green, and the chlorophylls, also in the case of fast green create a concentration curve to determine an unknown substance. Each test will use the spectrophotometer.

Background: The wavelength of light is the distance between the crest to crest, or trough to trough. Studies have shown that red lights incident absorbed the most after the reflected light was absorbed into the plant 's chloroplasts. This led me to choose the color of red for the cellophane which I thought would be the best choice

This lab was conducted to explore the light energy, pigments and the rate of photosynthesis in magnolia leaves. In experiment one a magnolia leaf was used to see the separation of primary and accessory plant pigments using a process called paper chromatography. The importance of this process was to discover which pigment had the highest band along a piece of filter paper and identify various plant pigments in a magnolia leaf such as xanthophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids that aid magnolia leaves during photosynthesis. Based on the conducted experiment, it can be concluded that chlorophyll a was the pigment that showed the highest band on the piece filter paper which means that chlorophyll a is the primary pigment in photosynthesis

The dyes in the laboratory experiment are made of numerous colors, mainly red and blue, the spectra from each of the dyes corresponded to the wavelengths obtained from each of dye i.e. 620 nm for red and 450 nm for blue.

Virtual Lab #5- “Which Colors of the Light Spectrum are Most Important for Plant Growth?

Based upon the results in experiment 5 the hypothesis for this experiment was not supported because each pigment received a different solubility. To test if solubility was present the pigments would change different colors. In the experiment, the the carotene resulted if having the largest section of pigment a the height of 0.643mm. This explains that each chlorophyll pigment will result in having a different solubility rate. For instance, chlorophyll a and b both received different colors making the hypothesis not true. Chlorophyll a adsorbed green and blue while chlorophyll b absorbed yellow and green. Only sharing a similar color green which is the color of normal chloroplast. The experiment above applies to biology because of the the pigmentation colors absorbed by the sunlight. Biologist can use this data to interpret different solubility rates, which can further into what other types of light conditions will cause the chloroplast pigmentation to be soluble within color change (Gunstream,

We were also careful about the concentration of the extract, as the transmittance of the extract at first should be between 65% to 85%; when it is under 65% the solution is too concentrated and some ethanol should be added, and when it is greater than 85% it is not concentrated enough. Another crucial point was placing the cuvette of ethanol into the sample compartment and calibrating to 100% transmittance using the '100%T/0A' knob prior to placing the cuvette of extract, as it is essential to zero the absorbance every time before qualifying the absorbance of the chlorophyll pigments. With special attention to these details, the aim of the experiment was achieved.

This experiment focus on pigments quantification from chloroplast. Pigments are extracted from frozen chloroplasts extracted from barley leaves. Dilution was made using buffer. In order to get final concentration acetone (100%) was added into each dilution. Thereafter total concentration of pigments is determined

Looking to the theory of light, it is known that light is made up of many colours of a spectrum. A solution which appears blue for example, is in reality removing or absorbing the red and green wavelengths of light, and only allowing the blue to transmit through the solution. The amount of light absorbed, depends entirely on the compounds function, each compound will present a different wavelength and intensity. Due to this, comparison of compounds and identification is enabled using this technique.108

A development chamber was also set up with filter paper and 70% hexane -30% acetone as the solvent. This solvent was also used to dissolve the dried pigments, which were then spotted onto the TLC plate. The TLC plate was then placed into the development chamber and removed once the solvent traveled near the top. Image 1 shows the TLC plate after this experiment. Each of the pigments could be identified for each spot on the TLC plate. The top pigments that are yellow-orange are the carotenes; they are indicated under the extract and yellow band spots. In decreasing order from top to bottom, the spots are carotenes, pheophytin a, pheophytin b, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are yellow spots and are the last three spots towards the bottom of the plate. For the green band, there were no yellow spots and the green spots have the most color; this most likely proven that the green band are the chlorophyll pigments. However, almost all of the colors on the plate were not as intense as they should be; the pigments were spotted as small dots and thus, less concentration of each pigment interacted with the solvent. While performing thin-layer chromatography though, a possible error might have occurred, which was adding a little too much solvent in the development chamber. When the TLC plate was placed into the chamber, the solvent was above the line where the pigment spots were located. Nevertheless, all of the pigments in the carotenoids and chlorophylls were distinguishable on the plate. Data Table 1 shows the Rf value for each pigment spot, including the

These show which wavelengths of light the pigments absorb. A beam of light passes through the liquid in the cuvette to the other side, where a sensor calculates how much of the light was transmitted. Absorption is given in conjunction with transmittance. For this experiment, the questions being posed are which is the most active pigment in absorbing energy and which wavelengths of light each one absorbs. Based on prior knowledge, it was predicted that “If the pigments are separated, then Rf values can be calculated; if a pigment is more active in the process of photosynthesis, it will absorb more light across the visible light

Thin layer chromatography can be used as a physical method to segregate compounds from natural sources. E.g. Spinach leaves are visibly green, but consist of a variety of components that have more colour than others. This experimental procedure uses compounds from spinach leaves that are exposed to chromatography, TLC plate to indicate the different pigments

The hypothesis for the experiment is that garlic grown under blue filtered light will be the tallest, while garlic under green light will be the shortest. The results of the plant under orange light will be between green and blue light. A crucial component to plant growth is sunlight, which energy that allows a plant to go through photosynthesis and produce glucose. Sunlight contains all of the colors of the visible light spectrum, from red to violet, and each color has a different wavelength (Thiele, 2017). When all the waves are seen together, they make white light. Light is essential in a plant's life. Without light, a plant cannot grow, reproduce, or photosynthesize. Chlorophyll traps light energy from the sun and absorbs primarily blue and red light, while reflecting green light (USCB, 2000). Plants utilize the different colors found in the visible light spectrum to control different aspects of their growth.

This project is to show the difference in Stomatal Density in leaves that are in the shade and that are in the sun. The focus question that I have asked is what is the difference between the Stomatal Density between leaves found in the sun and leaves found in the shade? The hypothesis is leaves that are found in the sun should have a higher Stomatal Density than leaves that are found in the shade. The reason that I have chosen this topic is because it is a required topic for my biology class and we are learning about Stomata in leaves so this project would benefit our knowledge.

Derived form the greek words for colour (Chroma) and writing (graphe). Chromatography is a method is method in which different kinds of the coloured chemical mixtures are separated. In the early 1900s, Mikhail Tswett, a Russian botanist, was interested in the individual compounds presented in plants. He understood that removing ground up plants extracts with the dissimilar solvents will provide assorted coloured solutions. Tswett conducted an experiment which involved pouring a plant extract through a glass tube filled with calcium carbonate. As the liquid passed through the powder, bands of colour was revealed; as individual compounds.