Solar Modulation Of Galactic Cosmic Rays

On the other hand, the geomagnetic storms have been intensified and enhanced in their frequency as magnetic fields of coronal mass ejections indulges with that of the earth that causes change of direction and leave more radiation and magnetic energy into the environment of the planet earth. Solar Hemispheric Observatory and Solar

8.”It's cosmic rays “- Cosmic rays have shown no trends at all over the past 30

| C. Occasional day by day, east to west motion of the planets relative to the stars

UNSWA  -­  University  of  New  South  Wales SCI  -­  Faculty  of  Science PHYS  -­  School  of  Physics Module  3  (Weeks  5-­6)  —  Life  on  Earth  and  in  the  Solar  System PHYS1160-­5144_01311

Elizabeth Gibney discusses the history of fast radio bursts and astronomer’s strategy to finding them in the universe in her article, “Fast Radio Bursts are Astronomy’s Next Big Thing.” She begins by defining fast radio bursts as “fleeting blasts of energetic cosmic radiation of unknown cause.” (Gibney) Gibney briefly reviles that even though FBRs were discovered a decade ago, the phenomenon has just recently been accepted as genuine.

Sunspots are generated by strong and dense magnetic fields, and these magnetic fields are caused by flowing plasma that gets tangled and moves through the photosphere. [1] However, it is not actually sunspot activity that effects the Earth’s power grid and satellite communications, [2] but rather the solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that can be caused by sunspots that cause problems. [3]

The Genesis space mission, now when I hear the word Genesis I think of two things. The book of genesis like in the holy bible or terminator genisys which is same word two different meaning. In this case, it's a spacecraft that collected samples of solar-winds. And what are solarwinds, you ask? Well here’s a brief paragraph of what solar-winds are. And what happened to the Genesis spacecraft.

Solar flares, Sun spots, and Radiation are all vital parts of the sun cycle. Sunspots create solar flare which gives off radiation, without one another the sun could explode because of energy build up.

First observed in the early 70's \citep{Giacconi71, Tananbaum72}, the APPs are the brightest objects in the X-ray sky. Their powerful electromagnetic radiation is powered by the gravitational potential energy of the accreted matter. The accreting matter is directed by the magnetosphere onto the the magnetic poles of the star, thereby increasing its energy and angular momentum in the process. The rapid slowdown of the accreting matter at the polar surface of the star releases gravitational potential energy as X-rays, and the rotation of these X-ray hot spots across our line of sight gives rise to the observed periodic

The first step in the analysis of the NGC3718 NIR data is to align the J , H , and K S images.

“All of them? I don’t know, but I would think so. What concerns me is the geomagnetic storms we’ve been having. The result of the solar wind gusts. We've got data from magnetometers—the elevated Kp Index. Jolts going off the charts. There's just no doubt any longer about a relationship between what we see happening on Earth and the solar wind. BUT then—you see—we also got solar wind coming from where our sun is most definitely NOT! You're the one who should be able to spot the source, Arnold. You're the whiz kid working with radiation emissions. Tell me what's going on here!”

9. We don’t have evidence that sunspots are magnetic but we do know that the sunspots are caused by the magnetic activity amongst the sun. Also with the understanding of the Zeeman effect we can conclude how strong the magnetic fields are that cause the sunspots. In conclusion we see that sunspots are in fact apart of the magnetic field in the layers of the suns atmosphere.

I am excited to say that me and my team of astronomy researchers have discovered a correlation between finding potential habitable star systems and a star's magnetic activity and X-ray emissions. Our study, titled “An Improved Age-Activity Relationship for Cool Stars Older than a Gigayear“, was led by Rachel Booth, a PhD student from the Astrophysics Research Center at Queen’s University Belfast. Our data was gathered using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is a telescope specifically built to detect X-ray emissions from regions in the universe which exhibit very high temperatures such as stars. ESA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is a telescope whose purpose is similar to that of NASA's

Our X-ray sample consists of 124,730 objects from the combination of \textit{ROSAT} All-Sky Survey (RASS) Bright Source Catalog (rass-bsc) and RASS Faint Source Catalog (rass-fsc). RASS is the first all-sky survey in soft X-rays (0.1-2.4 keV), conducted in 1990/91 with ROSAT, a German X-ray telescope satellite~\citep{1999Voges}. The reason that we start the survey with an X-ray catalog is because all galaxy clusters are bright in X-ray from their hot ICM and a central QSO. \corr{We include the bright source catalog because distant cool cores may look like point sources. In addition, according to~\citet{2002Cruddace}, a flux limit for \textit{RASS} for clusters is $3\times10^{-12}\,\rm{erg/s}$, corresponding to $L_{x}=10^{45}\,\rm{erg/s}$ at $z=0.5$.}

Solar activity ejects solar wind or a cloud of gas called a coronal mass ejection. It takes 2 or 3 days for a coronal mass ejection to reach earth. The earth’s magnetic field gives earth a long magnetic ‘tail’ stretching a million miles behind earth in the opposite direction of the sun. If a coronal mass ejection reaches earth, it collides with with magnetic field and causes complex changes in the magnetic tail region (Lui, 103). The changes generate currents of charged particles. These particles flow along lines of magnetic force, converging towards the magnetic poles from all directions and resulting in an oval ring around each pole. Then, they are boosted in energy in earth’s upper atmosphere. Finally, they collide with oxygen and nitrogen atoms to produce auroral light. Colors and patterns seen in the lights are produced from the types of ions or atoms being energized as they collide with the atmosphere and are affected by lines of magnetic force. Altitude also greatly impacts colors. Blue violet/reds occur below 60 miles, bright greens are strongest between 60-150 miles and above 150 miles, ruby reds