Sordaria Fimicola Lab Report

The purpose of this experiment is to determine which stimuli sowbugs prefer more, moist or dark. However, to confirm that sowbugs prefer dark and moist environments we had to create an experiment to prove this. We proved sowbugs prefer dark environments by using a lamp to create a light environment and cardboard over half the petri dish to create the dark environment; the sowbugs chose the dark side. Then we proved sowbugs preferred moist environments over dry ones by creating a wet environment on one side and a dry environment on the other side of the petri dish. After our final experiment, we were able to determine that sowbugs prefer the dark stimuli over moist stimuli.

Meiosis consists of one DNA replication and two nuclear divisions resulting in 4 daughter cells. The process which provides for genetic variation is crossing over. Crossing over occurs in the early stages when homologous chromosomes move together so that their chromatids form a tetrad. This is called synapsis and allows for the exchange of chromosome sections.

The combinations of 4:4, 2:2:2:2, and 2:4:2 can arise through crossing-over (Burpee et al., 2015). A 2:2:2:2 and 2:4:2 combination indicates crossing-over while 4:4 signifies the recombination did not occur. This process occurs during prophase I of meiosis between Wild Type and Tan isolates crossing-over (Burpee et al., 2015). It was initially thought that recombination was random; however, research from the Evolution Canyons shows that S. fimicola is, indeed, affected by the environment (Burpee et al., 2015). This could possibly be from radiation; however, research in this area is sparse. Certain species of fungi have shown increased resistance to radiation (Saleh, Mayo, & Ahearn, 1988), but studies on S. fimicola have not been documented. Based on this information, I hypothesize that when S. fimicola isolates are exposed to X-ray radiation the crossing-over frequency will increase. To test this theory one Tan and one Wild Type sample (with different combinations of x-ray radiation) was placed in a petri dish diagonal from each other. This was repeated to create four quadrants. The S. fimicola isolates were incubated for two weeks to produce perithecia (Burpee et al.,

After precisely conducting the experiment and tabulating the results, data for Paraquat toxicity upon P. vulgaris plants can be interpreted over several different parameters. The parameters by which Paraquat toxicity was examined within this experiment involve visual observations, x-ray diffraction, chlorophyll concentrations, protein concentrations, and lastly malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations on a per mg of protein basis. As stated before Paraquat is very widely used herbicide known to produce superoxide anions leading to chloroplast membrane damage and ultimately a variety of adverse effects upon the host organism, in this case P. vulgaris (Chia et al., 1982).

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the reversion rate and recombination rate of two mutant T4 bacteriophages, rII 29 and rII 31. Through recombination rate, the map unit between the two mutants was calculated.

The virtual lab simulation will be on the right side of the screen, and the “Question” column will be on the left side of the screen.

The purpose of this experiment was to measure the T4 reversion rate to wild type combination, and the recombination frequency recombination frequency of the T4 mutants to the wild type. Also to determine the distance between the two mutants, which are T4 rII 29 and T4 rII 31.

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

_____ In swine, when a pure-breeding red is crossed with a pure-breeding white the F1 are all red. However, the F2 shows 9 red, 1 white and 6 of a new color, sandy. The Sandy phenotype is most likely determined by

The instructor split the class into two separate groups one with the plasmid lux and the other with the plasmid pUC18. Group two was assigned to test the lux plasmid. The, Eppendorf, tubes were labeled “C” for the control plasmid DNA and “lux” for the plasmid lux DNA. The two tubes were then placed into the ice bath. Using a sterile micropipette 5 uL of the lux plasmid was added to the tubes labeled “lux” or 5 uL of the control plasmid was added to the tubes labeled “C” for the control plasmid DNA. Eppendorf tubes had 70 uL of the competent cells added to them with a different transfer pipet. All the tubes were then stored in the ice bath for about fifteen minutes. Another test tube was labeled “NP”, which stands for “No Plasmid”, and 35 uL of competent cells was added to each of the test tubes labeled “NP” during the fifteen minutes. Once the fifteen minutes are up, all three tubes were placed into a preheated water bath at 37 °C for about five minutes. To both the lux

The basis for this experiment was inspired by the evolution canyon in Israel that contained various species of Sordaria Fimicola (S. Fimicola) and more importantly had a tight ecological barrier. The canyon has two slopes that experience vastly different environmental conditions and thus expose organisms who inhabit them with bipolar pressures. Organisms living on the South Facing Slope (SFS) experience higher and more intense amounts of solar radiation, temperature, and drought. While Sordaria who inhabit the North Facing Slope (NFS) receive more cool and humid conditions. Sampled Sordaria from the two slope showed variances in cross-over frequency that occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis. This promising fact lead to the investigation of UV radiation of different types of Sordaria discussed later and promotes the idea that harsh environmental condition, like those experienced on the SFS, can cause variances in cross-over frequency. (Burpee et al., 2017)

There should be an observable line of black dots, the mature perithecia, growing along the dividing lines that separate the four quadrants. Next, open the plate and using an inoculating loop, scrape some of the perithecia from the middle of one of the four dividing lines before depositing the sample onto a microscope slide. Use a squirt bottle of water to place a drop of water on top of the sample before covering it with a cover slip. Using a pencil eraser or your finger, apply slight pressure to the sample to release the asci from the perithecia without releasing the individual spores and slide around the cover slip to spread out the asci. Place the slide under a compound light microscope and observe the sample at 100X magnification in order to find the asci, before increasing the magnification to 400X for a clearer view. to Draw a sketch of the perithecium squash and asci in the results section. The final step of the experiment involves scoring (counting) ~10 clearly visible asci and recording how many of each of the three possible patterns of asci (4:4 (no recombination), 2:4:2, 2:2:2:2 (crossing over did occur)) there were in Table 1 of the results section. Following scoring one’s individual sample, clean up the inoculating loop, microscope slide, and cover slip, and put away the microscope. Collaborate with another person or group and combine individual data in

Also, just as the table 3 section data, the 2:4:2 and the 2:2:2:2 were similar in number. Although my individual data and combined group data do not support these patterns as much, as a whole the 4:4 is the dominant recombination among the whole class.

Experiment 1 & 2: The DNA concentration was 60 ng/µL (6.00*10^4 ng/mL). The total yield was 0.6 ng (60 ng/µL DNA /100 µL H2O). The DNA sample was divided by 100 µL instead of 25 µL of H2O because the sample was diluted 4 times.

This table helps show all the possible genotypes from one set of parents. The table shows that the genotypes purple and starchy are dominant, and the genotypes yellow and sweet are recessive.(stallsmith)