Subsistence Agriculture And Economic Development

However, some believe, that a shift in the way we produce food may have some unintended consequences. They contend that poverty in nations such as Africa and Asia, is caused by the low productivity of the unindustrialized farm labor. The U.S. Agriculture Department projects, without reform, there will be over a thirty percent increase in the numbers of the ‘food insecure’ people in those nations over the next decade (Paarlberg 179).

To conclude, our current way of agricultural life is not sustainable. The article “What’s for supper” has made me realize that if I hope for a better future for generations to come I should support a locally sourced lifestyle. This article is an eye opener to me and proved to me the importance of supporting locally grown produce. Locally grown produce supports the environment as well as jobs for people in the community. The current system takes a toll on every species on the planet. Humans are overproducing on a massive scale and are wasting close to half of our supplies and

The fifty years leading up to 1877 exemplified little successes for workers’ movements due to the drastic nature of change during this time period. The transition from an agrarian society to an industrial empire had challenged old American values such as outwork and interdependence found within rural communities. Specifically, division of labor and technological advancements during this time period had shifted society from being self-reliant (agrarian) to dependent on large businesses (industry). In Who Built America by Christopher Clark, Nancy Hewitt, Joshua Brown, and David Jaffee, they highlighted how this shift to large-scale manufacturing had led to the little impact of workers’ movements within the fifty years prior to 1877. Divided within their trades and collectively weak, many movements simply couldn’t compete with the power of large corporations who held a lot of power in this time period. However, by the last quarter of the 19th century, workers’ began adapting to this new labor structure and were able to have success against industrial capitalists. The very same technologies that benefitted large companies by expanding townships into inter-regional markets had given the opportunity for labor organizers to establish a national platform to confront labor and economic inequality.

An estimated three billion of the world’s population subsists on less than U.S. $2 per day, and I unfortunately am part of that statistic. On average, I make less than 2 dollars a day which roughly equates to approximately 700 dollars annually. This means that I cannot afford a house, a car, or any of those luxuries. On a regular day, I would wake up and find some work, most of the time I pick up cans and take them to a recycling center for a miniscule amount of money. After that, I look through the trash cans in order to find resources that people throw away carelessly. I also do subsistence farming to provide food for me and my family. Finally, after a hard day’s worth of work, me and my family look for a safe place to stay for the night,

South Sudan has only been independent since 2011, yet it is on the brink of collapse. Why is this happening? The country has abundant resources (Sarwar 177; Ploch 16) and has gained independence after decades of conflict (Sarwar 172-174). To begin to understand the situation, the original history of Sudan must be examined (Zambakari 516; Jok 69). Its place in the African continental history is important as well because most of the continent developed under colonialism. The independence of South Sudan on July 9, 2011, created a nation immediately at risk due to colonial history, diverse populations in opposition, and fragile infrastructure. (Working thesis statement) To succeed, South Sudan has to overcome its history of

The revolutionizing transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture was a central shift in the way homo sapiens lived that occurred twelve thousand years ago. Consequently, several factors contributed to this astonishing modification of life including increasing population size, favorable environments such as the Nile River in Egypt and the Fertile Crescent in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture allowed for mass production of food in order for the sustainability of the increasing population size, but with agriculture also came specialization and the division of labor ultimately leading to moral inequality.

Due to these issues South Sudan has no official government leadership (“Civil War”). The camps are not only full of refugees, but approximately two million displaced members that were run out of their looted schools and villages (“South Sudan Home page” and “Civil War”). The displacement of large numbers of the population is a result of political and military leadership abuse added on top of the decades of civil war (“South Sudan profile- overview”). South Sudan contains about 37 miles of paved road, but the recent wars have destroyed even the little infrastructure South Sudan had further harming their economic development (“South Sudan” The World Factbook and “South Sudan Home Page”). Furthermore, the major income that South Sudan receives is from the oil industry of half million barrels per day and about 98% of Sudan’s former productivity, which they received when they became independent from Sudan, but it is highly underutilized due to the civil war with the surrounding countries (“South Sudan

To get further acquainted with the severity of the unrest and overall political, social, and economic status of the Sudan, it is paramount that the country’s past be brought to light. Since declaring independence in 1956, The Republic of Sudan has experienced multiple civil wars. These are usually caused by dissatisfaction with the government in power as citizens are constantly repressed politically, economically, and culturally. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 aimed to end the violence but only managed to lead to the independence of South Sudan in 2011 and otherwise had little to no impact on areas still warring because of poor implementation of the agreement. The conflict has, at times, been referred to as a “civil war of interlocking civil wars” (insightonsudan.org). In 1998 a famine hit Sudan, causing the warring factions at the time to take over the food supplies and use them as weapons against the people. In the end, over 2 million people died and more than 4 million found themselves displaced. This lead to a coup that would eventually leave Omar al-Bashir the president. Under this new rule, The Sudan began an era of governmental repression and saw the conditions of their country deteriorate due to the violence.

A main factor in one of the most recent conflicts is Crude Petroleum. Petroleum is a natural resource and contributed greatly to Sudan’s GDP. However, the source of this oil was mainly found in South Sudan. Sudan economically suffered greatly due to the loss of three quarters of its oil power. It decreased by 20.3% from nine billion dollars in 2009, to three billion 2014 . But, despite this large decrease, 64% of Sudan’s exports in 2014 consisted of Crude Petroleum. But, this money did not go into the pockets of the people. Instead, an estimated sum of nine billion dollars, went into the pockets of the man who was meant to lead their country to peace and greatness, Omar

Located in central Africa, South Sudan is landlocked amid the countries of Sudan, Ethiopia, Congo, Kenya and the Central African Republic. It is a land of expansive grassland, swamps and tropical rain forests. The country is linguistically and ethnically very diverse. It is a home to more approximately 11 million people, 50.6% of whom are below the poverty line. It has a Gross Domestic Product (per capita) of $1,220. Commerce and infrastructure is extremely underdeveloped in the nation and poverty is very common. The majority of the population depend on agriculture for subsistence. Maize, rice, millet, cattle, wheat, sugarcane, sweet potatoes and sorghum are native to the land and serve as the primal source of food. The nation is covered in open plains, and rainforest vegetation. The Nile River is one of the biggest natural features of the South Sudan. It cuts the country and passes through regional centers including the capital city of Juba. It facilitates trade and urbanization. Electricity is produced mostly through costly diesel generators and indoor plumbing. The economy of South Sudan is intricately linked with Sudan. It produces nearly three-fourths of former Sudan’s total oil output of nearly a half million barrels per day. Oil is the focal point for exports. It derives nearly 98% of its budget revenues from oil. The nation is also troubled by a substantial amount of debt and is heavily dependent on foreign nations for aid. After its liberation

Subsistence farming is the most basic of farming methods where a small plot of land is cultivated by an individual, a family or a community just to feed their hungry mouths. All the produce is consumed by the family and not intended for sale outside. The experts believe that this kind of farming is almost primeval and needs to change quickly to the industrialized mode all over the world, if abject poverty and famine are to be eradicated. Several factors have worked against the success of implementation, and they are not only technology related, but social, educational, economic, and political, as well. Many feminist voices have however, preferred to support the existing method of subsistence farming for the harmony and relationship that it fostered among the people, with an argument that human relationships, ecology and togetherness are more important than wealth (Shiva, 1989). In this perspective, subsistence farming does not contribute to economic growth or capital accumulation or even labor specialization. Since funds are limited to buy chemical fertilizers, most produce are organic and genetically modified seeds are never used here (Roosevelt, 2007, Wright, 2007).

The establishment of any civilization relies on the foundation of agriculture. Agriculture requires knowledge, tools, and resources to maintain a population and allow for it to grow. Agriculture drastically changed once humans were able to utilize the resources around them in order to provide a reliable food supply, allow them to settle down in one place, and most importantly, provide a springboard for global population growth. Agriculture was triggered by many factors, some including climate change, population pressure, and social competition. Farming had become more productive than foraging. China is a one of the earliest societies that developed a system of agriculture that was able to sustain a large population. China used

Subsidy is known as the payments or money given to individuals, firms or organisations by the government, in order to help them financially. In this essay, it will be discussed that, three main reasons for a government to subsidise a product, in terms of ensuring local output, improving people’s health, and helping low-income families. However, issues will be bought while granting subsidies, therefore, two cautions will also be suggested regarding the problem of inefficiency and damages to foreign producers who are not receiving subsidies.

Advocates of Agricultural-led development argue that investment in agriculture and the complementary growth in the creation of structures and foundations in various zones is vital for national economic advancement (Schultz, 1964; Timmer, 1995, 2002). These investigators observe that improvement in the cultivating division could be a stimulus for growth in national output by its effect on rural wages and acquirement of benefits for change into an industrialized economy ( Dowrick and Gemmell, 1991; Datt, and Ravallion, 1998; Thirtle, Lin, and Piesse, 2003). Earlier endeavors by different developing countries to industrialize their economy without earlier advancement of the farming part brought about bleak financial development rates and exceptionally skewed wage dispersion (Bhagwati and Srinivasan, 1975).

Sustainable consumption and production is defined by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2014) as the use of services and related products, which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimising the use of natural resources as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants so as not to jeopardise the needs of further generations. Over the last 25 years many policies, strategies and programmes that support the food and agricultural sector in Uganda have been put in place. This can be categorised into overarching national policies and specific agricultural and rural development initiatives (FAO, 2013). The agricultural sector has the largest input into Uganda’s economy; therefore the two categories are highly inter-related. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 66 percent of the work force (UBoS, 2012). Approximately 80 percent of Uganda 's population lives in rural areas, and 66 percent are employed in agriculture. Agriculture accounts for 24.1 percent of GDP and 51.9 percent of exports in 2010/11. Most of Uganda 's agricultural sector consists of small-scale farming (FAO, 2013). Uganda is a country endowed with a warm climate, abundant fertile land and regular rainfall, which provides one of the best environments for agricultural production (ACORD, 2010).