Taking a Look at Breast Cancer

“Cancer” is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of tissue or “malignant tumor”. Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or Metastasize . If the breast is the original location of the cancer growth or malignant tumor, the tumor is called breast cancer. (American Cancer Society, 2014, as cited in cbcf.org)

We have all seen the pink ribbons. They have become a national, if not international symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling attention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of this paper, this paper will be limited to information relating breast cancer in females.

“In 2015, there are more than twenty-eight million women with a history of breast cancer in the United States of America. This Includes women currently being treated and women who have finished treatment. – BreastCancer.Org“ Breast cancer has taking over many people bodies, also lives. Anybody can get breast cancer from man to women. Cancer doesn’t have to be in your family history for you to get it.

Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow or multiply without control, the cells can also affect other parts of the body by spreading. There are different types of cancer. They are usually named after the organ or cell they start in. The body is completely made up of cells, and of course we all know that cancer starts in cells, when cells become old they die and new cells are produced. This process sometimes goes wrong and the cell can mutate and affect normal cell growth. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers there is. Breast cancer is

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among females in the world. It is known for “have both a genetic and non-genetic etiology” (Milne et al., 2010). It involves a combination of several factors- such as “genetic, environmental and behavioral risk factors”- that are unique to each individual (Nickels et al., 2013). This type of cancer is represented by a malignant tumor manifested in breast cells such as the line duct and line lobules cells, just to name a few. Because there are different types of breast cancer, it is harder to create an effective treatment or therapy that would lower or prevent its death rates. Despite advances in technology but lack of monetary support, there is a higher prevalence in African countries (U.S. breast cancer statistics, 2013). It has been found that “two thirds of breast tumors express estrogen receptors” (Lopez-Tarruella & Schiff, 2007). Because of this, growth factor receptor signaling and hormone therapies have been shown as promising treatments to prevent and/or to find a cure for this cancer.

The media portrays the woman with breast cancer as a strong person who follows doctor’s orders, completes prescribed treatments, and holds a smile throughout the entire ordeal. In Sulik’s Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture

To hear the word cancer come out of a providers mouth can be one of the scariest times of anyone life. So many questions pop into ones head, what do I have or how did I get it, and what do I do know. Breast and cervical cancer are two of the most common cancers diagnosed in women worldwide (Siegel, Miller, & Jemal, 2015). Breast cancer starts to develop when cells in the breast start to grow out of control and form tumors (American Cancer Society , 2015). The population that breast cancer effects is women, even though men can develop breast cancer too it is not nearly as common as women (American Cancer Society , 2015). In fact breast cancer is so common in women that 1 in 8 women in the United states will have developed breast cancer at some point in their lives (American Cancer Society , 2015). Women who are between the ages of 20-59 years old are often the population who die from breast cancer, 1 in 36 women in this age group will have died from breast cancer (Siegel, et al., 2015). Statistics show that white women have the highest incidence rates of breast cancer out of any of the other races and ethnicities (Siegel, et al., 2015). However, African American women have higher death rates from breast cancer than any other race (American Cancer Society , 2015). This difference in races can contribute to many fact that African American women usually do not have the health insurance or the right health education to inform them about the risks of breast cancer,

The simplest way to diagnose for breast cancer is a regular self-check for changes in the chest or breast area. On finding a lump or cyst under the skin, it is ideal to visit a GP for confirmation although; most lumps or cysts are normal or non-cancerous. On confirmation of the presence of breast cancer, a patient would be further examined to find out the stage of cancer and what treatments would be ideal for them.

Roughly one in eight women in the United States will develop an invasive breast cancer in their lifetime. In 2016, a projected 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer are estimated to be detected, along with an additional 61,000 new cases of non-invasive breast cancer. There are greater than 2.8 million women with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the United States, including women presently being treated and women who have completed treatment. Research developments over the past twenty years have ultimately altered the prognosis of breast cancer care. In recent years, there has been an eruption of life-saving advances against breast cancer. Death rates have declined approximately thirty-six percent, believed to be the product of treatment advancement and earlier detection. This paper is intended for those breast cancer patients who are considering breast-conservation surgery, also known as lumpectomy, followed by intracavitary radiation brachytherapy. Patients must be at least forty years old, with a single primary tumor less than three centimeters, negative surgical margins by at least two millimeters, and be without lymph nodal involvement, to be considered candidates for this form of treatment. Radiation therapy is a highly precise and effective way to extinguish minuscule cancer cells that may have been neglected or undetected during surgery. Radiation is often delivered after breast-conserving surgery to reduce the risk that the cancer will recur in the

Background: The issue of breast cancer affecting many individuals is a growing one. At the present time period it is now found that one in every eight women will be told they have breast cancer (“National Breast Cancer Foundation”, 2012). Therefore there is a significant amount of research going into this area. In addition, to the large amount of women and smaller amount of men who will be potentially diagnosed with breast cancer has become a global burden because those with metastatic cancer will eventually have cancer cells travel to other parts of their body (“National Breast Cancer Foundation”, 2012). MCF-7 cells are commonly used to study the mechanism of action and how the tumor works for human breast cancer (Osborn, Trent& Hobbs, n.d.). These types of cells are the most common in laboratories for cancer research. According to C. Osborn MCF-7 cells are used because they typically “demonstrate similar morphology”, however the chromosomal structures can be different. Thus leading to varied results. In addition, Osborn states that MCF-7 cell lines will usually have estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptors. The amounts of estrogen and progesterone receptors can affect the proliferation of the cells. (Osborn, Trent, & Hobbs, n.d.). Therefore, the experiment will be using cells taken from a sixty nine year old patient with metastatic cancer.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women (Up to Date, 2014). The associated risk can be as high as 12% for every woman in the United States, regardless of family history (American Cancer Society, 2013). For this reason, care begins with patient education, risk stratification, and preventative medicine. The paper will review preventative options, risk stratification based on genetics and age, and breast cancer treatment.

Cancer is one of the main threats to health as the second cause of death after heart disease[1]. Approximately 7.6 million people per year worldwide die from cancer and there tends to be an increase in the number of cancer patients each year[2]. One type of cancer is breast cancer that occurs due to disruption of the system of cell growth in breast tissue[3]. This type of cancer most commonly suffered by women worldwide. In Indonesia, there are 48 thousand cases of breast cancer with 21.4% of deaths in women[4]. Cancer treatment method widely used today are surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted protein therapies aimed to remove the cancerous tissue or make cancer cell death, but the method induces side effects on normal

Cancer is a common disease in today’s society, more specifically breast cancer. We see people with little pink ribbons or a dedicated shirts to it on the street, stickers on cars, we even have a whole month dedicated to raise awareness about it, but what really is breast cancer? How long has it been around? How does it affect its victim?

The color pink, ribbons, 5k runs, mammograms, and the month of October all have one thing in common: breast cancer awareness. Breast cancer begins when a tumor is formed in the tissues of the breasts. “A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that grow in the breast, for example, or surrounding tissues and spreads to distant areas of the body” (American Cancer Society, 2014). The tumor travels to surrounding tissues by blood cells. Breast cancer is more likely to develop in women than men. Depending on the individual, some signs and symptoms can be seen while others may not show any signs and symptoms. Individuals should be aware of certain precautions to reduce the chance of developing the disease. Radiologic sciences and advancement in technology makes early detection and treatment possible for individuals that become diagnosed with breast cancer.

The Susan G. Komen Foundation of Greater Atlanta’s goal is to reduce mortality of African American breast cancer by 25% in the next 5 years (Susan G. Komen Atlanta, 2017). In order to reach this goal, Komen has created many local outreach programs to educate the community about breast health and breast cancer screening (Susan G. Komen Greater Atlanta, 2017). Educational programs like these can have significant impacts on breast cancer mortality rates (Asuquo and Olajide, 2015). However, they may need to focus on certain racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic groups (Herndon, et al., 2013). Worship in Pink is one of Komen’s educational outreach programs that provides breast health and screening information to participating religious organizations (Susan G. Komen, 2017).