Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is a promising method of the targeted radio-immunotherapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and extended to treat various solid cancers. Alpha-Immuno-Conjugate (AIC) is the diagnostic radiopharmaceutical compound used in clinical trials of TAT. Two essential elements of AIC must be included: a targeting antigen as a carrier that tends to attach the molecules on the surface of a specific tumor cell; and an Alpha emitter that undergoes Alpha decay to kill the DNA of the targeted cell [1]. With the use of such a targeted high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiation therapy, highly targeted treatment to microscopic tumor cells with AIC becomes an emerging option for local and systemic cancer treatment. …show more content…
The efficacy and toxicity of TAT is closely related to the blood circulation in tumor and normal vasculature, respectively. Some AICs injected intravenously may miss the biological target and could travel by convection and diffusion along with blood or lymphatic circulation. They cause damage to the adjacent normal cells along its pathway. Furthermore, the bonding between the emitter and antigen tends to break due to the recoil energy. As a result, the emitter and its decay daughters will travel a longer distance, resulting in damage to surrounding tissues or organs.
To better understand the transient toxicity of Alpha particle to the normal cells and provide a more effective guidance for the clinical trial, a multi-physics modeling is essential to investigate this problem through the coupling of dose evaluation and hemodynamic models. Clinical trials found that conventional macro-dosimetry model cannot explain the results of some experiments [7]. Consequently, the framework of micro-dosimetry that takes into account the stochastic nature of energy deposits in mesoscale or nanoscale is essential to evaluate the dose in nucleus for Alpha particles based on the following reasons. Firstly, the high energy of Alpha particles is deposited in a short range and varies from cell to cell. This makes it very hard for a detector to measure the actual dose experimentally. Secondly, the Alpha track length is in micrometer level that
Most contemporary psychological treatment approaches are predecessors of the ancient and medieval philosophies and theories. Cognitive behavioural therapy as one of the modern treatment method in not an independently formed treatment, different theories have contributed to its present shape and application.
Lauren Smith is a five year old Caucasian girl who is demonstrating anxiety when separated from her mother. The family was referred to this service by their pediatrician. Over the past few months, Mr. and Mrs. Smith report Lauren has become increasingly troubled when being separated from her mother. She cries while clinging to her each morning before school and her father describes having to “pry her off” and carry her to the car. Lauren’s parents are also concerned with regressive behavior; she is speaking more often in third person when referring to herself, and she has also begun wetting the bed nearly every night. Mr. and Mrs. Smith had a conference with Lauren’s teacher two weeks ago at which time she told them Lauren was having difficulty concentrating and completing her work. The teacher also voiced concerns about her lack of interest in participating in group activities; she appears to prefer to play by herself. The parents report that Lauren is otherwise healthy and has been meeting age appropriate developmental milestones.
Will you need or want to contact the parent or obtain parental permission for counseling services prior to meeting with Geoffrey? Why or why not?
I was forced to resign from my position at the New Mexico Gas Company because I was told I had misled the company as to the reasons for leaving my previous employer in 2014 at Prime Therapeutics. On December of 2014, I was terminated/forced to resign from Prime Therapeutics after an individual wrote a very damaging letter filled with hearsay allegations about me. Prime Therapeutics did not do their due diligence in investigating the allegations and I was told by my boss that if I did not give them my resignation I would be terminated. My boss at Prime Therapeutics stated that the hostile environment the individual who authored the damaging letter had created was not a safe environment for me, and my boss thought it would be unsafe for me to return to
The practice that assist a therapist in determining a client diagnosis and the proper treatment plan that would resolve the issue surrounding the clinet’s diagnosis is Case Conceptualization and Treatment Planning. The clinet’s treatment plan must be appropriate and relational and this will alow any type of medication and adaptions to be adjusted if needed so that modifications and adaptations can be adjusted as needed (Altman, Briggs, Frankel, Gensler, and Pantone, 2002). The ultimate goal of case conceptualization and treatment planning is to discover complete findings in relation to the client. One approach is Existential Therapy. The human
Combing medication with counseling and behavior therapy to treat substance abuse is Medication-Assisted Therapy (MAT). It provides an “all-around” treatment approach and research shows that this treatment approach can be very successful in treating people with addictions. The treatment is mainly used for the addiction of opioids and prescription pain relievers that contain opiates. All the medications used for this therapy is required to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration and if mixed with certain medications, can be fatal. MAT can be helpful for an addict going through recovery.
The following treatment plan will look at the Jarrett family, an upper-class family that struggles with the death of the oldest son, Buck. After the last harsh confrontation with her husband (Calvin), Beth decided to run away to Houston and leave the family. Without knowing if Beth wants to come back, Calvin and Conrad join therapy to face this delicate situation. By considering this information, our treatment plan will look at their family dynamics from three theoretical perspectives: Bowenian family therapy, Structural Family therapy, and Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy.
Nuclear medicine procedures utilize very small doses of short-lived isotopes (ones that only stay radioactive for a few hours or days), the amount of radiation received is generally less than or equal to that of an x-ray. Whole body and healthy tissue doses can be minimized while the radioisotope is targeted toward the affected tissue or organ. The isotope is then eliminated by the body through the urine or fecal matter.
There are two reactions that happen in the human body when ionizing radiation within the diagnostic range (30-150 kilovolt peak) is
Doctors had been using radiation to destroy cancerous cells since the unfolding of X-rays and radium in the 1890s, but both techniques had their own issues. X-ray machines were complicated to make use of, and radium implanted near tumors. In addition, X-rays weren’t strong enough to be entirely effective, and as for both of them, they were quite expensive.
cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Radiation therapy is a treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Lastly targeted therapy, is the treatment that uses drugs and other substances to attack cancer cells. Some of these treatments are standard and others are being clinically tested in clinical trials. Patients may enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment. Follow-up tests may be needed.
My Outline Research Paper Alpha radiation, Beta radiation and Gamma radiation. Alpha radiation occurs when an atom undergoes radioactive decay, giving off a particle called an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons (essentially the nucleus of a helium-4 atom), changing the originating atom to one of an element with an atomic number 2 less and atomic weight 4 less than it started with. Due to their charge and mass, alpha particles interact strongly with matter, and only travel a few centimeters in air. Alpha particles are unable to penetrate the outer layer of dead skin cells, but are capable, if an alpha emitting substance is ingested in food or air, of causing serious cell damage.
“Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), specifically exposure therapy, has garnered a great deal of empirical support in the literature for the treatment of anxiety disorders” (Gerardi et al., 2010). Exposure therapy is an established PTSD treatment (Chambless & Ollendick, 2001) and so is a benchmark for comparing other therapies (Taylor et al, 2003). “Exposure therapy typically involves the patient repeatedly confronting the feared stimulus in a graded manner, either in imagination or in vivo. Emotional processing is an essential component of exposure therapy” (Gerardi et al., 2010). “Exposure therapy in the virtual environment allows the participant to experience a sense of presence in an immersive, computer-generated, three-dimensional,
Radiation therapy is the ionization of atoms in tissues resulting in formation of highly reactive radicals in a well-defined, restricted volume (1). In other words, ionizing radiations are used to eradicate tumors and at the same time preserve structure and function of normal tissue. A limitation is prevented from being a problem. If bone marrow or neuronal cells are destroyed or injured, they do not regenerate. However, with radiation therapy, these cells are often saved from injury or destruction, unless the tumor is infecting bone marrow or neuronal cells. Today, radiation therapy is the most popular type of cancer therapy in use. It is used to treat one-half to two-thirds of all cancers, which translates to more than ten percent of the population
In 2007, it is predicted that almost 1.5 million people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States (Pickle et al., 2007). More than half of these cancer patients will undergo the use of radiation as a means for treating cancer at some point during the course of their disease (Perez and Brady, 1998). Cancer, a disease caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, affects millions of people around the world. Radiotherapy is one of the well known various methods used to treat cancer, where high powered rays are aimed directly at the tumor from the outside of the body as external radiation or an instrument is surgically placed inside the body producing a result of internal radiation. Radiation is delivered to the cancerous regions of the body to damage and destroy the cells in that area, terminating the rapid growth and division of the cells. Radiation therapy has been used by medicine as a treatment for cancer from the beginning of the twentieth century, with its earliest beginnings coming from the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. With the advancements in physics and computer programming, radiation had greatly evolved towards the end of the twentieth century and made the radiation treatment more effective. Radiation therapy is a curative treatment approach for cancer because it is successful in killing cancerous tumor cells and stop them from regenerating.