Tb Research Paper

Tuberculosis (TB) is brought on by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The microorganisms more often than not assault the lungs, however TB microbes can assault any part of the body, for example, the kidney, spine, and mind. Not everybody infected with TB microbes gets to be sick. Therefore, two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB infection. If not treated legitimately, TB can be deadly (CDC, 2016). TB microbes are spread through the air starting with one individual then onto the next. The TB microorganisms are put into the air when someone with TB illness of the lungs or throat coughs, talks, or sings. Individuals adjacent may take in these microscopic organisms and also become ill (CDC, 2016). Individuals with TB are well on the way to spreading it to individuals they invest time with consistently. This incorporates relatives, companions, and coworkers or classmates.

TB is a complex, chronic disease which induces immune dysregulation of several arms of the immune system. In this study, we analyzed the specific concentration of IFN-γ, TNF-α , IL-1β, and IL-10 cytokines from smear negative PTB(SNPTB) and smear positive PTB (SPPTB) to determine the effect of mycobacterial load on the cytokine concentration utilizing a simple whole blood assay stimulation with a whole sonicate MTB. Different concentration of cytokines(IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 ) detected in present study were associated with bacillary load of MTB in sputum from PTB patients. Our results demonstrate that , individuals with smear-negative PTB was associated with increased concentration in Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and decreased TNF-α ,IL-1β , as well as decreased concentration of specific Th2 cytokine IL-10 as compared with individuals with smear positive. These results strongly suggest that the sputum positive group had the lowest immune response (lowest IFN-γ levels, and highest IL-10 level) and indicate that the cytokine concentration is progressively impaired with increased mycobacterial load. In addition, PTB patients presented with a higher expression of IL-10 and TNF-α in contrast to the lower expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β as compared with healthy control. IFN-γ secreted in low concentration in two clinical PTB patient groups(SNPTB,SPPTB) as compared with health control(HC), but these levels insignificant between two

This disease is passed from human to human through a simple cough. The agents from the M. tuberculosis complex directly attack the respiratory system, specifically the lungs in most cases. The microbe can also effect the brain, kidneys or spine (Biggest). From there the disease can take two forms, latent or active. In Figure 1, the chart shows the aggressiveness difference between latent and active. Patients that had HIV were found to have a higher chance of catching the microbe or becoming re-infected with the disease. Latent TB is basically TB with the symptoms turned off. When tested for the infections, the results are positive, but the patient does not feel sick or show any symptoms. Latent TB patients will not spread the infection and are not infectious (Biggest). Without treatment very few cases will morph into the active form within two years of infection. Active form is the most aggressive and contains the most concern. Symptoms include, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, fatigue and chills. When TB has infected the lungs patients will witness chest pain, coughing for more than three weeks and may get as far as coughing up blood (Biggest). This form is very infectious and can be passed easily through the air as an infected person coughs the microbes into the surrounding air. For now, no vaccines or drugs have been found to completely cure Tuberculosis. Only the symptoms can be dealt with. Unfortunately, there is a new strands emerging that is multidrug- resistant and extensively drug-resistant where treatment is no longer an option

A pro-inflammatory response triggered by infected macrophages causes recruitment of the mononuclear cells at the site of infection. The T-cells interact with the macrophages and activate them by releasing the cytokine, IFN-. Activated macrophages are more efficient at killing Mtb. At this stage of infection, antigen presentation also activates B-cells which produce antibodies against Mtb. A consolidated mass of infected host cells and immune cells forms a granuloma. The granuloma consists of infected macrophages, foamy macrophages that contain stored oil droplets which serve as the bacterial nutrition, T-cells, B-cells in the earlier stages. When the bacillary load becomes static, the infection is said to be “latent”. Early stages of granuloma formation also witnesses vascularisation and supply of blood through newly developed blood capillaries. The granuloma is lined by epithelial cells and fibrous tissue in the later stages. The core of the granuloma is hypoxic (Vandiviere et al., 1956; Via et al., 2008). Granulomas can be resolved due to the action of immune system. With suppression of the immune system due to ageing, HIV infection or malnutrition, the containment of the bacteria

There are certain stages that accompany TB. Primary tuberculosis occurs when it is someone’s very first time breathing in the mycobacteria bacteria. Once the bacteria settle along the fissures, subpleural spaces, and eventually in the alveoli of the lung. This is when the macrophages respond and engulf the bacteria. However, as these macrophages travel throughout the body they can potentially take the mycobacteria into local lymph nodes. While the macrophages and mycobacteria go head to head, granulomas are formed. Caseous necrosis occurs inside these granulomas. Gruanulomas can be seen in X-rays of the chest (Rishi, 2014).

The bacteria that caused TB is spread through the air from person to person. The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. It is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopic droplets into the air. This can happen with the untreated, active form of tuberculosis does any of the following actions that were previously mentioned. Although tuberculosis is contagious, it is not easy to catch. TB bacteria can live in the body without making you sick. This is called latent TB infection. In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing. People with

The lungs are the primary sites of TB infection. MTB have the ability to spread from one person to another through air as a person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or expels air.

Tuberculosis is a mycobacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Transmission usually occurs through exposure to the tubercle bacilli in airborne droplets from persons with pulmonary tuberculosis who talk, cough, or sneeze but not everyone infected with TB becomes sick with it. TB remains latent in the bodies. People with latent TB do not spread TB to others. The nature of latent TB is extremely important, especially in an age of HIV, because latent TB can become active in people with weak immune systems. This could occur because of HIV. Thus, the large amount of people in the world with latent TB infection have a very significant risk of developing active infection if they are infected with HIV. The TB-HIV interface is

TB is an infectious disease. This means that disease causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctists, attack and contaminates the host’s cells, then spreads to other cells within the body.

Tuberculosis or TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are aerobic bacteria, which do not form spores and are non-motile. They are curved, intracellular rods, and have cell walls made of glycolipids and phospholipidglycans that protect them from lysosomal attacks. TB is one of the world’s deadliest diseases. Approximately one out of three people worldwide are infected; in 2014, 9.6 million people were diagnosed with TB and there were 1.5 million deaths (CDC, 2014). This disease is highly contagious, and although the number of cases reported has decreased, the decrease was smaller than in previous years. New strains of drug resistant TB pose a threat to the global population as a whole; less than half of those diagnosed with drug-resistant TB are successfully cured.

Tuberculosis; often referred to as the silent killer, is a highly infectious disease that is contracted annually by 9.3 million individuals globally, and causes 1.8 million deaths. It’s high mortality rate led to the formation of the American Lung Association in the United States in 1904, after it was declared the leading cause of death during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The origin of tuberculosis is not certain; the first documented deaths were recorded in ancient Egypt and Greece, when it was known fittingly as “consumption”, coined for of its all-consuming nature. Today, tuberculosis is more of a problem in developing countries, but is still a threat in the United States. To take preventative measures to avoid contracting this deadly disease it is important to know the causes, life-cycle, how its diagnosed, interactions with the immune system, and public health actions to reduce risk of infection.Tuberculosis is a facultative intercellular bacterial parasite caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are rod shaped in appearance and is a gram-positive bacterium. One characteristic unique to Mycobacteria is the addition to an extra layer beyond the thick peptidoglycan cell wall that is composed of lipids and polysaccharides; this gives M. tuberculosis a unique envelope that makes the cell have low permeability (advantage against the immune system). M. Tuberculosis doubles it’s population every 18-24 hours, which is considered

reactivation of old dormant infections. Although TB is contagious, it 's not that easy to catch.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease, that may presented in an active or a latent form. It affects a various body systems, but mostly a respiratory system. This disease is triggered by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is transmitted through the air; therefore, a person gets infected by an inhaled bacterium from a person with active form of TB, and who is presented with cough and sneezing. Person with a latent form usually asymptomatic, whereas the bacteria is inactive in the lungs. On another hand, a person with an active form of TB may show following symptoms: severe cough longer than two weeks,

Such factors include strategies used by M. tuberculosis in preventing itself getting destroyed in the macrophage, vaccination, a weakened host immune system, Antimicrobial resistance as well as economic and environmental factors.

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).