Testing Based Fecal Occult Blood Test Sensitivity And Specificity

R.T. is a 64-year-old man who comes to his primary care provider’s (PCP’s) office for a yearly examination. He initially reports having no new health problems; however, on further questioning, he admits to having developed some fatigue, abdominal bloating, and intermittent constipation. His nurse practitioner completes the examination, which includes a normal rectal exam with a stool positive for guaiac. Diagnostic studies include a CBC with differential, chem 14, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). R.T. has not had a recent colonoscopy and is referred to a gastroenterologist for this procedure. A 5-cm mass found in the sigmoid colon confirms a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the colon. A referral is made for

The esophagus receives food from the mouth after swallowing and then delivers it to the stomach. The stomach holds food which it is being mixed with enzymes which continue the process of breaking down the food into a useable form. When the contents of the stomach are processed they are released into the small intestine. In the small intestine food is broken down by enzymes released from the pancreas and bile from the liver, the food is moved through and mixed with digestive secretions. The small intestine is made up of three segments the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, the jejunum and the ileum are mainly responsible from the absorption of nutrients in to the bloodstream. These contents start out semi-solid and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes and mucous change its consistency, one the nutrients have been absorbed it then moves onto the large intestine. The large intestine connects to the rectum and is specialised in processing water so that emptying the bowels is easy.

Colon and rectum are both located in the digestive system. There are two parts of the digestive system. Upper part of the digestive system included stomach and small intestine, in which their job is to digest food for energy. Lower part of the digestive system are called gastrointestinal system, where colon and rectum are located. Its function is to absorb fluid to form solid waste then passes from the body as a stool. Small intestine made up of the most part of the digestive system, it is about 20 feet long. It break down the foods and absorb most of the nutrients. Then it pass to the large intestine which is mainly made up of a muscular tube, colon, and it is about 5 feet long. The colon can be divided into 4 section. Ascending colon, it is the beginning of the colon that included the cecum, where the appendix attaches to the colon. Transverse colon, the second section of the colon. It located in the upper abdomen and from the right to the left. The next section is called descending colon, the lower abdomen and from the left to right. The last section,

The Secondary prevention attempts to identify a disease at its earliest stage so that quick and appropriate management can be began. Successful secondary prevention reduces the impact of the disease. To find out the colorectal cancer early make aware the people about hemoccult stool testing, and colonoscopy

The digestive system is made up of all different organs which starts at the mouth and finishes at the anus but on the way involves all other organs; these organs help to break down and absorb the food.

This is a test that only needs to be done once, and is gradually being implemented into use across the UK. It is often used after an abnormal result has been found during an FOB test. According to the NHS, “As of March 2015, about two-thirds of screening centres were beginning to offer the test to 55-year-olds.” This includes both males and females. Bowel scope screening basically involves the patient undergoing colonoscopy procedure to look inside the lower bowel of the patient for polyps, which are small lesions. The doctor or nurse then removes these polyps during a biopsy as they can become cancerous, and result in cancer of the

The FIT-DNA (cologuard) is the last stool test that is available for colorectal testing. The FIT DNA test combines the FIT with a test that detects altered DNA in the stool (CDC, 2017). The FIT test requires the entire stool sample to be sent to the lab for testing. No cards or poking the stool are required, only the stool sample itself. The cologuard test can be done in the privacy of your home and does not require a bowel prep, diet changes or time off from work (Exact Sciences, 2017) The FIT-DNA test is recommended to be completed every three years. Positive results are recommended to be followed up with a colonoscopy. Medicare covers this test at no cost beginning at age 50 to 85 years of age with a low risk and no symptoms of

The digestive system of the horse consists of a simple stomach, small intestines, cecum, large and small colons, rectum and anus. The horse 's stomach is comparatively small for its size. The stomach of an average horse has a holding capacity of about two gallons. This may be the reason horses eat small but frequent meals. From the stomach food moves to the small intestine, which is the main site of digestion. The small intestine empties into the cecum. The cecum; along with the large colon; make up the large intestine. Digestion in the large intestine occurs by action of bacteria and protozoa. (arg.gov.sk.ca)

The colon also known as the large intestine is an important contributor to the gastrointestinal tract. After food is absorbed in the small intestine it is pushed into the large intestine where the remaining water and vitamin k is absorbed. This is where the absorption water is most important in the G.I tract in keeping excretions regular. Also, the colon is a rich source of microorganisms. Bacteria in the colon assist in the digestion of nutrients we are not able to do because we lack those enzymes that specifically breakdown carbohydrates. To disrupt the balance of the microorganisms or bacteria would in fact cause more harm to your health.

The second leading cause of death related to cancer in the United States is colorectal cancer. The VA medical center has made it a priority to screen veterans 50 years and older via a fecal-occult blood test (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy, and/or colonoscopy. The VA tracked the number of FOBT cards given to patients and how many were returned. The demographics of those who did not return the cards include: non-Caucasian patients, women, smokers, those living in rural areas, patients with health literacy issues, and patients with cognitive conditions associated with age (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014).

“Baxter initiated a voluntary nationwide recall of one lot of IV solution due to the potential for leaking containers, particulate matter and missing port protectors”. This recall was issued on July 17, 2015. Leaking containers, particulate matter and missing port protectors could result in contamination of the solution. If not detected, this could lead to a bloodstream infection or other serious adverse health consequences. Injecting a product containing particulate matter, in the absence of in-line filtration, may result in blockage of blood vessels, which can result in stroke, heart attack or damage to other organs such as the kidney or liver (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2015).

I would simple tell the patient “this stool test is to detect parasites and eggs in their intestines. This test is ordered because you, the patient, have had some excessive diarrhea, bloody stools, severe abdominal pain and nausea. “ As a medical assistant, I would check in the medication the patient is one and makes sure the patient knows to avoid laxatives, anti-diarrheal medication and any antibiotics. I would start giving the patient instructions on how to collect the sample. “What the doctor needs you to do is collect a perfect sterile stool sample. By doing these, you would use latex gloves, collect the small sample from the toilet and place it in a sealed, clean container. But make sure there is no urinate on the sample! After doing

The Liver the largest and heaviest organ makes bile then stores it in the gallbladder. Which stores the bile then squirts it into the small intestine to break down fatty foods if needed. Banana squeezes through the Duendom the beginning part of the small intestine connecting the small intestine to the stomach. The small intestine is a 600cm long tube, and does the most absorption in the whole digestive system through little finger like sponges called villi. Villi have capillaries located through them that absorb nutrients then leak the nutrients into the bloodstream. The nutrients are leaked into the bloodstream because cells need nutrients to be able to do their jobs for the body. Nutrients and

Colon is located in the digestive system. There are two parts of the digestive system. Upper part of the digestive system included stomach and small intestine, in which their job is to digest food for energy. Lower part of the digestive system are called gastrointestinal system, where colon and rectum are located. Its function is to absorb fluid to form

http://kidshealth.org/kid/cancer_center/HTBW/digestive_system.html ( I didnt copy direct quotes, however I had used the idea of the beginning in my research on the digestive system to help the reader better understand the system)