The Approaches To Speaking

In the eleven chapter of A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking, the authors talk about

Language is a major part of everyone’s life. Every country or even a community have their own language or a way of speaking, and these are the things that differentiate people from one another. Jamila Lyiscott speech, “3 Ways of Speaking English” and Suzanne Talhouk speech, “Don’t Kill Your Language” on TED talks, addresses different issues related with language and the way of speaking a particular language. Both of the speeches effectively use rhetorical elements or devices. Both of these people are well-known speakers, so they have some credibility even before they begin speaking. When they do start their speeches, both effectively employ emotional appeal, facts and logic to convey their intended message to the audience.

The second language classroom is full of theories of how to get students to acquire the target language (L2). These theories have been around for many years and have been debated and revised numerous times. Theories such as the grammar translation theory, used up until the 1940’s, are no longer in favour because of their inability for learners to use the language in colloquial situations have been superseded by new innovative ideas. At the time of writing this paper, there are three main theories used in the second language classroom: Behaviorist, Innate, and Interactionist.

William F. Halsey explains, "All problems become smaller if you don't dodge them but confront them." This shows that facing a difficulty face to face will help it go away. In Speak, mute Melinda was unable to overcome her struggle since she attempted to “dodge” the truth. However, when Melinda finally spoke out about what happened to her, she immediately felt better about the struggle she was dealing with. The main theme of the novel and ancillary texts is overcoming obstacles. This theme is expressed through the conflict, symbolism, and foreshadowing throughout the texts. Laurie Halse Anderson’s use of literary elements in Speak, as well as the devices in the article, “The Art of Resilience” and the poem “If” help

Depending on the words you choose for a speech it can change the perspective of the audience. Make sure you choose wisely. You never know what you may accidently create it could be war or peace. You can still speak your mind but, you need to be careful how you present it. If there was a roomful of Catholic people you would not go into the room and mention how you hate God and that he or she is the worst thing to believe in. You should stick appropriate material for speech for the audience. You do not have to believe in God to present a speech to a group of Christians. It is a powerful statement when the book refers to “that all the threads of the tapestry are equal no matter what their color.” Page 37 The Public Speaking Playbook By Gamble.

The third chapter of a Pocket Guide to Public Speaking is about anxiety in relations to

Audience, more specifically with identifying the audience and how to do so. In addition, chapter

“For reasons that are obscure to me, those qualities we cherish in our artists we condemn in our politicians.” These qualities that Zadie is talking about is the ability to have many colored voices. In her lecture, “Speaking in Tongues”, Zadie talks about her own experiences with speaking in many voices. For her, it was having a less educated voice growing up and changing, letting go, for a more sophisticated voice of lettered people. The quote from Zadie Smith holds a lot of truth. People will often try to argue, but it is true that artists are supported for also having many colored voices while politicians are looked down at for that very same thing. The human mind, subconsciously, will always see politicians as people that should have an unchanging and singular voice. Artists, on the other hand, are respected and loved for their many colored voices. One may wonder why it has to be this way? Politicians are held up to such a high standard, everything they say is written and recorded, so if they have one too many voices they will lose power and respect or even sound contradictory. Politicians have to maintain a singular, strong voice to the public even if they have hidden voices, while artists are encouraged to use many.

Archakis (2006) states that the communicative approach has recently prevailed. The purpose of language teaching is to help learners to practice relevant cases of communication. According to the communicative approach the language teaching has to be directly interrelated with contextual components. The stress of language teaching needs to be language use in social events, that is, students should be aware of the socio cultural and sociolinguistic skills for appropriate language use. Oral discourse is an entity of a range of discourse genres such as a lecture, conversation. Oral speech should be taught on a regular bases involving students in various activities and social circumstances. The teaching of oral discourse should be centered on the specific features of oral speech that promotes participation. It is very helpful for students as contemporary society concentrating on oral conversational speech and its peculiar daily used devices. This leads learners to the production of dramatization, interpersonal contribution, arguing competence as well as building identity as critical

Learning a foreign language is very useful for young people today with rising global connections. For that reason, many universities offer foreign language classes to improve young people’s language skills. Thereby (or therefore?) , I wanted to observe a language class at my university. On the 1st week of July, I went to a Japanese language classroom in the Wellman Hall. After the brief grammar lecture, the instructor used social learning activities(?) by dividing the class into groups of 3 students. Throughout the group activity, the instructor observed the use of grammar and provided feedback. At the corner, I observed a group creating a dialog based on the PowerPoint instruction. Once the instructor stated a time limit for the activity, the students started to come up with several different sentences, correcting each other’s whenever someone made a mistake. For the most of the time, students would use the grammar correctly, but sometimes they used wrong verb tenses or used wrong passive forms. Throughout this activity, the students displayed active learning by participating in a group activity and even joked about how some words sound like a funny word. For the next activity, the Vygotsky’s theory, Zone of Proximal Development was used when the instructor made students read after the audio file, sounding each word out loud. Students listened to the audio file first, then sound out the words. Some students seemed to struggle with several words written in Kanji (Chinese

Oral communication for English language learners can be easier than learning how to read and write. English language learner’s students might have a fear of speaking however it is the teacher’s responsibility to make the student’s feel comfortable in speaking the English language. When English language learners learn the English language then they will be able to communicate with people and in the classroom. In the article An Urgent Challenge: Enhancing Academic Speaking Opportunities for English Learners, it was mentioned that in order to engage English language learner students in a conversation, a teacher must have to model and clearly teach them how to engage in a conversation (Wilson, Fang, Rollins, & Valadez, 2016, P. 53). This is what

This approach was very advanced for the time. It revolutionised the strategies of language learning and also changed the role of the language teachers as well as the language learners. In contrast with some of the methodologies previously adopted, its main goal is to teach the scholars the ability to communicate. Thereby, Communicative Language Teaching bases itself upon the concept of language competence, which is considered the actual basis of proficiency in a language. Hence, teaching activities involve students in real-life communicative situations in which the communicative task is of more importance than the grammatical accuracy. Other exercises such as games, songs, problem solving and role-plays also are used in classrooms. It must be said that each of these activities are sowed on the learners needs, therefore, if the class

Jeremy Cronin’s poem “To Learn How to Speak” is a post-colonial text that deals with the issue of language and how language in itself is not ceaseless. In order to view this text critically, it is imperative that one has a clear understanding of what a Post-colonial text consists of. Post-colonial texts are critical analysis of the history, culture, literature and systems of address that are unique to the former colonies (Abrams 236-238). Colonies were able to gain power through spreading their Eurocentric views on the conquered colonies people. The idea was that there was the ‘occidental’ and the ‘oriental’ (Abrams 236-238). The occidentals were the colonisers whose views were superior to that of the exotic and inferior oriental. Moreover, post-colonial texts that are written in

Task-based language teaching is an approach that use task as the basic teaching strategy. Task-based language teaching is a

While applying an audio-visual approach, pronunciation is stressed, lessons with dialogues are utilized, and mimicry and memorization are used. In a cognitive approach the instruction is often individualized, so students are responsible for their own learning. While using a communicative approach, the goal of language teaching is learner ability to communicate in the target language (Celce-Murcia, 2001). These approaches integrated in software programs support new learning skills more effectively than classical methods for language learning. Beatty (2003) states that the application of CALL might be helpful for learners in improving their reading, writing, listening and speaking skills, as well as encouraging autonomy in learning, and for teachers in improving their teaching skills since it can be integrated into research and