The Chemical Evolution Of Prebiotic And Biotic Materials

Around 530 million years ago, the Cambrian explosion made a significantly fast appearance of main groups of complex organism. This was confirmed by the fossil record. Along the support by an apparent diversification of various living things, including phytoplankton, calcimicrobes and also animals. 580 million years before this, most life forms were basic, made out of individual cells occasionally sorted out into colonies. The Cambrian explosion can be said to happen in waves. The initial, a co-evolutionary transformative ascent in differing qualities as animals investigated specialties on the Ediacaran ocean bottom, trailed by a second development in the early Cambrian as they established in the waters column. The pace of advancement found in the Cambrian times of the explosion is not paralleled amongst the marine creatures: it changed all metazoan clades where Cambrian fossils were found. Later radiations, the fish in the Silurian and Devonian era, included less taxa, for the most part with basically the same body plans. Despite

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis was presented by The Russian Chemist A.I. Oparin and English Geneticist J.B.S. Haldane. They came up with this idea in 1920. In this theory, they thought that the combination of some chemicals and a source of energy made amino acids, which later evolved into the first life on Earth. They believed that life started in an ocean or pond. In 1950, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey did an experiment to test this hypothesis by mixing gases from Earth and sparking the mixture to represent lightning. The conclusion came to be amino acids. These scientists thought that this hypothesis could be correct because the current scientific level did not show any problems with their ideas.

One of the most revered investigations of Abiogenesis (life arising from non-living matter) is the Miller-Urey experiment conducted in 1952. This experiment (as depicted) involved the simulation of primordial conditions on Earth and testing whether “natural stimulation” such as lighting and heat could have resulted in the synthesis of simple organic compounds. Several compounds thought to have been abundant in the atmosphere 3.8

In “The Germs of Life,” by Lynn Margulis and Emily Case talks about how bacterium has live for about 3.8 billion years because it has been able to adapt in any environment. Therefore, it has been able to live for a long period of time. It goes on saying how not all bacterium is bad there some that benefit us like the bacterial nitrogen fixation help the dirt have nutrients. Furthermore, the cyanobacteria that helps photosynthesis to be able to create the nutriments that are needed for all living things. In addition, bacteria has been taken out from a lot of the things we now used for example, in soaps, creams, mouthwash, and food of course and become antibacterial. People feel safer knowing its antibacterial, but they do not know that bacteria

“A common misconception is that all man-made chemicals are harmful, and all natural chemicals are good for us. However, many natural chemicals are just as harmful to human health, if not more so” (Lorch). Dorea Reeser provides a different perspective to counteract the harmful effects of manmade chemicals. Dorea Reeser upholds a Ph. D. in environmental chemistry at the University of Toronto. She researches and studies the chemical reactions at water surfaces, and how the chemical and physical properties influence these reactions and the release of important trace gases into the troposphere.

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis states that life began in water (pond, ocean, ect.). It suggests that chemicals from the Earth's atmosphere combined and this created amino acids. These amino acids would later evolve into all the species. A. I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane fabricated this theory. The theory was presented in 1924. In 1953 an experiment was conducted called the “Miller–Urey experiment”. The experiment based around placing molecules (of the early Earth's atmosphere) into a closed system. Gasses and electric shocks were added in the system to simulate the environment of the early earth. After a week about 15% of the molecules were now organic and 2% were in the form of amino acids. This evidence supports the theory of Primordial Soup.

The Paleozoic era age approximately 300 million years (542 mya to 251 mya). This time period consists of two of the most important events in the history of animal life. In the beginning, multi celled animals underwent a dramatic explosion in diversity, this resulted in almost all living animal phyla appearing within a few million years. At the other end of the Paleozoic, it withstood the largest mass extinction in all of history. This event wiped out approximately 90% of all marine animal species. The causes of both these events are still not fully understood. Halfway in between this time period, animals, fungi, and plants began to colonize the land, insects emerged, and the limestone was deposited near the Burlington, Missouri area. During

In 1924, the Soviet biologist Alexander Oparin proposed a theory of the origin of life, Oparin believed that during chemical evolution of molecules that have carbon in Primordial Soup. The theory suggests that life began in a body of water, resulting into the combination of chemicals from the atmosphere and a form of energy to create amino acids which evolved into all of the species. Chemist Stanley Miller and physicist Harold Urey conducted an experiment in 1950 to test Oparin’s theory. They mixed gases thought to be present on primitive earth such as: Methane, Ammonia, Water, and Hydrogen. They then sparked the mixture to represent the lightning, and amino acids were produced; the building blocks of proteins.

Every second of our lives, we run into microbes of all varieties. We encounter numerous types of viruses and bacteria just walking in our own homes. Scientists and Microbiologists are still discovering millions of microbes each and every day. How can one not believe in a creator when there are so many tiny things that are swarming around us each day? Bacteria is everywhere. Good bacteria are allowing life cycles to continue, where bad bacteria are trying to throw those cycles off track. The Lord so intricately designed microbes for specific purposes. They each do different things, causing life to be the way it is. Each microbe has a different effect on our lives. The vast amount of things the Lord uses microbes for is amazing. He made microbes that decompose garbage, microbes that can eat flesh, microbes that can fight other microbes in the body and so many more! The Lord causes the function of the microbes for all biogeochemical cycles. In this paper I will be discussing two different microbes. One microbe being medically related to life and then the second being an environmental microbe. Each of these has a different effect on life of some type. So, let’s begin.

This led to the formation of membranes through biosynthesis and thus led to the creation of prokaryotes. The membranes of the prokaryotes were believed to be composed of chains of ether-linked isoprene units. Although it had been hypothesized that chemical evolution of straight fatty acid through Fischer-Tropsch-like reactions (Simoneit et al., 2007) many facts indicate that ether-type lipid with branched chains with isoprene units

The fossil record can show evidence for evolution, by relative dating, and radioactive dating we can find evidence for evolution. Relative dating is the process of finding out the age of a fossil by comparing it to other fossils/rocks. This process helps us determine how old certain specific fossils are by comparing them to other fossils; comparing older ancestor fossils helps us see the physical evolutionary change as time goes on, index fossils are used to determine the age of the fossil. Radioactive dating is another way we can see evolutionary change, this process involves obtaining the fossil and burning a small piece of the fossil, and obtaining/collecting all of the heat/radiation that is emitted from that fossil which is collected by a radiation counter; then the carbon 14 or carbon 12 that is left in fossil will be used; this then helps determine the half life of the fossil, which eventually helps us find out how old the fossil really is. Both these different methods that scientists use to determine fossil age shows us/helps us compare and find the age out our ancestors. Shows us how old the fossils are, helps us compare fossil records and see the change that is present/occurs throughout time. Comparative anatomy is another example of evolution, homologous structures, and analogous structures are both examples of evolution. A homologous structure is any structure that is similar in any way, but has a different overall function. Analogous structure are structures

By looking at the basic biochemistry most organisms share, we can start putting together how the biochemical systems evolved. However, up until the eighties, scientists were still baffled by a “chicken and egg” debate. All modern organisms require nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) to build proteins (Leslie 99), and the proteins are needed in the formation of nucleic acids. The mystery of which came first: RNA or DNA was solved when a new property of RNA was discovered. There are some RNAs that are capable of catalyzing chemical reactions. This means that RNA is capable of storing genetic information, as well as cause chemical reactions vital for self-replication. This breakthrough tentatively solved the mystery of which came first: RNA or DNA.

This article is concerned with when life first evolved. This is achieved by looking at known evolved life, such as Stromatolites found in both Australia from 3.5 Ga and Greenland from 3.8 Ga. This evidence of previous life means retrospective data of carbon isotopes (C12 & C13) found in precursing rocks can show where biotic life first appeared, the time length to when this life evolved, as well as where this life came from.

Previous studies have detected chemicals in wastewaters, effluents and surface waters in the past. For example, several organic compounds were found in UK estuaries (Thomas and Hilton, 2004), Spanish waters (Gaffney et al., 2015) and source water from

Emission-Excitation Matrices (EEMs) are three-dimensional fluorescence data that provide information about the composition of fluorescent chemical mixtures. They constitute optical landscapes that extend over the dimensions of excitation and emission wavelengths {λex–λem}, and where fluorophores appear in the form of peaks. In the field of marine and freshwater biogeochemistry, EEMs have been used for the study of dissolved organic matter (DOM), being a comprehensive analytical technique with which to characterise a highly complex mixture of organic compounds (Hudson2006, Fellman2010, Nebbioso2013). Indeed, EEMs have served to advance scientific knowledge about the ecology and biogeochemistry of DOM in aquatic systems [1,2]. Most importantly, they have contributed to evidence that some fractions of DOM are highly reactive organic molecules that are involved in numerous ecosystem processes, such as bacterial uptake [3–5], metal binding [6,7][1,2][1,2], photoreactivity [8–10] and light attenuation [11]. Overall these findings suggest the major involvement of DOM in the global carbon cycle [12,13].