The Closed-Loop System

Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth (American Diabetes Association). Previous research has suggested proper

According to the United States Library of Medicine, diabetes is a disease that occurs when the body does not make or use insulin correctly, therefore causing fluctuating amounts of glucose in the blood. Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of adults and children from various cultures. According to the American Diabetes Association (2014), someone is diagnosed with diabetes every 19 seconds. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention most recent statistical report indicated there were 29.1 million adults and children affected by diabetes. Those numbers are astounding. Unfortunately, the American Diabetes Association (2014) estimates by year of 2050, one out of three adults will have diabetes. Therefore, it is imperative that adults take aggressive measures to prevent this disease. By the same token, diabetes diagnosed in children and adolescent is becoming more prevalent every day. The American Diabetes Association (2014) reported there were about 216, 00 children in the United States with diabetes. It is predicted that one out three children will be diagnosed with diabetes in their life. The statistics for both adults and children with diabetes are frightening; however, early detection can help lower the risk of developing the debilitating effects of diabetes.

The member has an approximate 8 year 6 month history of Type 1 Diabetes that is managed with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (pump) therapy.

In the US, diabetes contributes significantly to excess morbidity and mortality. When uncontrolled, it is a major cause of stroke, heart attacks, chronic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and is the major cause of non-traumatic amputations. It is also increases the risk of death two-fold compared to someone without diabetes . However, among those patients with better control, a reduction in hemoglobin A1C has been shown to decrease the risk of kidney disease , progression of CHF , and an overall decrease in microvascular complications . There is a definite benefit of close blood glucose monitoring and control. In type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, the standard of care for mild-moderate disease is oral agents, with transition to subcutaneous insulin as the disease progresses. In type 1 diabetes, characterized by lack of insulin, the treatment depends on either an insulin pump or subcutaneous insulin therapy. Unfortunately, in those patients with insulin dependent diabetes, compliance with finger stick glucose measurements is poor, making insulin administration dependent on those measurements imprecise . One solution to this problem that has been proposed is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). This system consists of a subcutaneously implanted glucose sensor that wirelessly transmits data to a recorder worn on the body. This allows for frequent (generally a few times an

Both forms of Diabetes Mellitus require a treatment plan to maintain normal and stable levels of blood glucose. Once controlled levels of blood sugar with insulin injections, diet or medication, people with diabetes can lead a near normal life. Type I diabetes require insulin injections daily to maintain balanced sugar levels in the blood. If the concentration of glucose in the blood rises, (Thomsen), the imbalance can be identified by weakness, fatigue and thirst. These symptoms mean that more insulin is required. (Thomsen). However, if the concentration of glucose in the blood drops too low, a reaction occurs to insulin, causing dizziness, hunger, fatigue, headache, sweating, tremors and unconsciousness (in severe cases) . A quick fix for this problem is the person administering simple sugar such as that found in orange juice and some kinds of candy. However, this should be done only if the person is conscious and alert;

Caring for type 1 diabetes requires a very complex treatment. You are required to have lifelong insulin therapy which varies dosage with your form of medicine. Your blood stream receives the insulin by pump or injections which have to be taken several times daily, every day. With each meal you much also count the amount of carbohydrates to make sure you're eating the right amount for your body. Your blood sugar levels must be checked often to make sure they are in range with in your target area (between 70 and 240 mg/dL). If your blood sugar level is too low you may pass out and should eat something immediately. This device is used to draw a blood sample and measure it for your blood glucose level which will then help base your meal off the

Type 1 diabetes is a serious chronic condition that tends to arise prior to adulthood. The disease requires substantial lifestyle changes in order to cope, and can lead to several debilitating outcomes if left unchecked. According to the American Diabetes Association ([ADA], 2017), Type 1 diabetes is defined as a chronic condition where the body no longer produces the insulin hormone, and is therefore unable to utilize and store glucose. As a result, individuals with Type 1 diabetes may experience excessively high or low blood glucose levels: hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia respectively (ADA, 2017). Both sides of the spectrum can have devastating effects on the body’s cardiovascular and renal activities, in addition to deteriorating the peripheral

Being diagnosed as type one diabetic, it creates multiple situations that require the patient to take responsibility to help control their disease. Receiving this type of diagnoses can restrict the opportunities for the patient and impede their comfort of life. “In 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had diabetes. Approximately 1.25 million American children and adults have type 1 diabetes” (ADA par.1). Thus being diagnosed as a type one diabetic is not a common incident, only affecting the few “unlucky” individual’s

Diabetes is a serious medical condition that affects millions of people every year. Although both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have similarities, distinctions can be found in the symptoms, preventative methods and hyperglycaemic levels. Symptoms regarding type 1 diabetes tend to surface between infancy and adolescence, whereas symptoms for type 2 diabetes may only be revealed through diagnosis. In the past this disease has primarily been discovered in adulthood, but an increasing trend in the number of children being diagnosed has altered this perspective.Preventative procedures also differentiate both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Extensive research conducted on type 1 has revealed to healthcare providers that prevention is not possible by any

In the article, Types 1 Diabetes, WebMD goes into detail concerning Type 1 Diabetes. It first goes briefly into explaining Type 1’s problem, the damage that has been done on the pancreas; as a result it no long can make insulin. In addition, Type 1 is discussed as a contemporary issue concerning the consequences of the absence of insulin. Typically, it is a genetic predisposition and children are the targeted demographic. This autoimmune disease, strikes about 5% of children before the age of 16. It includes various categories of blood vessel damage, such as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. More importantly, it mentions an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. It then demystifies what insulin’s primary function; by explaining its role in helping move sugar into the human body’s tissues. Because

Type 1 diabetes, also referred to as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile Diabetes, can be caused by a genetic disorder. It can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults around 20 years old or before a person is 30 years of age. Insulin is a hormone produced by special cells, called the beta cells, in the pancreas, an organ located in the area behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. In type 1 diabetes, these cells produce little or no insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to

Many of the children may view type 1 diabetes mellitus as a handicap in that it inhibits them from living their lives congruent with those children that are not diabetic. According to Sparapani, Jacob, and Nascimento (2015), “Investigating children's self-perception and perceived self-image about their illness allows for the identification of knowledge gaps and enables interventions that are more focused on the children's emotional and psychosocial needs” (p.21). In essence, the implications were reasonable and complete in relaying the importance of validating the children's feelings related to dealing with the many aspects of living with type 1 diabetes

It is not news to anyone that one of the most known disease in the world is diabetes mellitus, people with type two diabetes produces some insulin, but not enough to keep their blood sugar at a normal level, however the one that are affected by the type 1 diabetes or childhood-onset type 1 DM do not produce insulin at all. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. (ADA, 2015) . That circumstance puts them at greater risk for heart disease, renal disease and blindness to name a few. Sadly Worldwide, the occurrence of type 1 DM has been steadily rising, representing a significant burden on the people and to the health-care systems. Although momentous improvements in the care of T1DM patients, a subsection remain in major difficulty due to stubborn hypoglycemia. The possibility of IT offers the chance of better glycemic mechanism. Currently we are observing considerable advancement in the number and results of IT phenomenal. In type 1 DM is an autoimmune disease that causes the body the destruct the b cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for the production of insulin. As a result, supplementation of insulin is a must in the management of the disease through meticulous care of multiple daily injections to control blood glucose. Even accommodating to the treatment many do not maintain a stable blood glucose level and are at risk for metabolic problems. Ultimately replacing of β cells are the only

There are over three million Americans that have already been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, and another 15,000 children and 15,000 adults being diagnosed each year. Although frequently overshadowed by the better known type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that is not caused by “being fat” or “eating unhealthy” as many would ignorantly infer. Type 1 diabetes, however, is caused by the attacking of the immune system on the pancreas, denying it the ability to carry out its most important function, producing insulin to help control one’s blood glucose levels. For over a decade now, biomedical engineers, scientists, and doctors have been working diligently and effectively on creating a closed-loop

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that begins when the pancreas quits making insulin. Insulin plays a key role by letting glucose enter the body’s cells, and then uses it for energy. When the body doesn’t get the