The Development Of The Kidneys

Consequently, the efferent arteriole, which filters blood away from the glomerulus, is tinier in diameter than the afferent arteriole, which carries blood into each glomerulus. This puts blood under high pressure in the glomerulus; thus it forces tiny molecules and liquid out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. Soon afterwards, the tiny and liquid molecules cross the epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule, the basement membrane and capillary wall in order to get into the Bowman’s capsule and to arrive in the nephron tubules. The consequence of this is that the filtrate (the tiny and liquid molecules) pass along the remainder of the nephron and helpful substances are reabsorbed along the route. Last of all, “the filtrate flows through the collecting duct and passes out of the kidney along the ureter” as mentioned by (Parson’s, R: p128).

To observe the anatomy and physiology of the fetal pig through dissection, the procedures for Labs 22-26 of the Biology 1107 Principles of Biology Laboratory Manual, 2017 were followed directly. This includes all materials and steps included (Lombard, Terry, Malinoski, 2017, Pages

Due to the fact that the fetal pig and the human being’s anatomy are extremely similar, with the exception of a few minor parts, the fetal pig will be a precise tool in learning about the anatomy of a human.

Because of very high glomerular filtration rates, nearly the entire volume of the blood enters the renal tubules every 30 minutes. Obviously, most of it must be reabsorbed to avoid

It allows for stretching. Transitional epithelium contains cells that are flattened and cells that are cuboidal; hence the name "transitional". You can find transitional epithelium in the bladder and in the first expansion of the ureters as they leave the kidneys (called a calyx).

Those stages are the Germinal stage, the Embryonic stage, and the Fetal stage. The Germinal Stage is the first stage and it is a two-week period that happens after the sperm and egg cell join together to form a zygote. This process is called conception. After conception, the zygote begins to divide. This turns into into a ball of cells that moves beside the fallopian tube. This travels all the way to the uterus. This process is called implantation and it happens when the cells is placed in the wall of the uterus. This process takes about a week to complete. After the two weeks, the Embryonic stage takes place next. The embryonic stage takes two to eight weeks right after conception. At this point in the process, the ball of cells is now an embryo. In this stage, all the major organs form. The last stage of prenatal development is the Fetal stage. This last eight weeks after conception up to birth. One of the first things to take place is the sex organs begin to form. Next, the bones form, muscles form, and the fetus begins to move. The organ systems also begin to develop and the brain’s size grows. One of the last things to work independently is the respiratory and digestive

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is one of the common congenital left to right cardiac defects seen in children. The ductus arteriosus is a large communication pathway that is naturally patent in the fetus, connecting the trunk of the major pulmonary artery to the descending aorta (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). During the fetal life, ductus arteriosus is a normal structure that allows the blood to pass from the right ventricle to the descending aorta by bypassing the pulmonary circulation. The ductus arteriosus is an important structure in the fetal development as it allow the blood flow to the rest of the fetal organ and structure. In fetus pulmonary

During regular septum development in a fetus, the septum primum tissue between the left and right atria grows downward slowly creating two separate chambers and exposes a gap (ostium primum, “first opening”). The septum primum then fuses with the endocardial cushion and the gap closes completely while a hole appears in the upper area (ostium secundum, “second opening”). The septum secundum now starts to grow downward to the right of the septum primum, covering the ostium secundum but leaving an opening (foramen ovale).

Cytogenetic studies showed that three of the affected fetuses were female, and one was male. In the first affected female, these findings were cleft lip with cleft palate; gastroschisis ; diaphragmatic defect with malposition of the right lung; agenesis of the left kidney, left supra-adrenal gland; and spleen; a malformed uterus, with only a right rudimentary ovary and salpinx; and only one umbilical artery. In the second affected fetus, a female, findings were a protrusion and cataract of the left eye, microphthalmia of the right eye, cleft lip with a cleft plate, malformed nose with a single naris and choanal atresia, hypoplasia of the pelvis, and atresia of the urethra. In the third affected fetus, a male, findings were agenesis of the left kidney and left supra-adrenal gland, hypoplasia of the pelvis, persistence of cloaca, and no external genitalia. Informed consent was obtained from all family members involved in a study; ethical approval was given by local ethics committee. Following the initial genome screen, individual markers were genotyped in fetus IV: 4, from whom formalin-fixed paraffin sections were available. Under the assumption of an autosomal of inheritance, selected informative markers were analyzed for fetus IV: 4 when identical alleles were shared homozygous by fetus IV: 7 and IV: 8, when one copy

accumulation of extra fluid in the space between the two layers of pleura. This is referred to as

The proximal convoluted tubule measures approximately 14 mm long and 60 μm in diameter. Simple cuboidal epithelium makes up its wall. The cells rest on a basement membrane, which forms the outer surface of the tubule. The loops of Henle are continuations of the proximal convoluted tubules. Each loop has two limbs: the descending limb and the ascending limb. The first part of the descending limb is similar in structure to the proximal convoluted tubules. The loops of Henle that extend into the medulla become very thin near the end of the loop. The lumen in the thin part narrows, and an abrupt transition

A very crucial period during pregnancy is the embryonic period of development spans from week 3 through week 8 of the pregnancy. It is during this first trimester that a mother should protect its womb and consume no alcohol. Also, during these weeks of pregnancy, “all of the baby’s organs begin to develop and function at a basic level. The developing baby undergoes very, very rapid cell differentiation during this time” (Welch, 2016).The beginning features of its eyes and ears start to develop. The heart is beating and tiny limb buds, which develop into arms and legs, appear. The central nervous system (the brain and spinal column) start forming as well. Essentially, the most dramatic changes of prenatal development occur during the first

Unlike the abdominal viscera, the thoracic viscera are separated into two cavities by an area called the mediastinum. What is the clinical importance of this compartmental arrangement?

Toxins and waste circulate from the embryo to the maternal blood tract, where she gets rid of them. The placenta forms fully by ten weeks of embryo development. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products as well. It connects to the uterine wall and links the fetus and the mother for the rest of the pregnancy. The placenta nourishes and maintains the fetus through the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord forms around the blood vessels that the allantois and yolk sac form. The yolk sac forms blood cells and is a membrane that is connected to the embryo through a tube. The developmental structure allantois, which is connected to the embryo and provides blood vessels as well. Eventually the yolk sac shrinks and the amniotic sac swells with fluid at the end of the embryonic period. The amniotic fluid supports the embryo and maintains a temperature inside the uterus. It contains cells and fetal urine. Many systems of the pregnancy process can be examined for medical applications. Chorionic villi and amniotic fluid can be sampled during pregnancy to test for fetal, biochemical, and gene abnormalities. When samples are taken from chorionic villi, chromosomes from cells, after 10

Pronephros represents the fi rst of three pairs of embryonic excretory organs, including mesonephros and metanephros, which appear in sequence during human embryogenesis. It appears early during the fourth week of human gestation, around the 21st–22nd day of gestation, and represents the simplest and early rudimentary kidney form, an obligatory precursor of the adult kidney. Pronephros is a much simpler organ than the mesonephric or metanephric kidney, consisting of three main components: (1) one blood fi ltering glomus/glomerulus; (2) the pronephric tubules, which connect glomus with the pronephric duct; (3) the pronephric duct, which transports the wastes to the cloaca. The fi ltration unit, represented by a capillary tuft, projects into