The Diagnosis Of Cancer, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, And Hiv Aids

A test of a sample of tissue taken from the lining of the uterus (endometrial tissue biopsy).

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker that can be detected in the blood of clients with colorectal cancer. CEA level is used to estimate prognosis, monitor treatment, and detect cancer recurrence.

Doctors need to know the amount of cancer and where it is in the body to be able to choose the best possible treatment. For example, the treatment for early stage breast

Mammograms are breast cancer screenings and are of great importance since they detect if indeed a malignant tumor is present and if so what stage it is in (Stephan, 2010). Cancers can be detected at stages I, II, or IIA (Haas et al., 2008).

Breast cancer is the most common cause of death among women (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.) state that in 2013 230,815 women in the United States were diagnosed with breast cancer, and in 2013 40,860 women died from breast cancer (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). From 2002 to 2012, the occurrences of a breast cancer diagnosis remained at an even level, however the death rate from breast cancer decreased by 1.9% per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Mammography has been used for years to detect breast cancer and is considered the most effective tool to identify breast cancer (Komen, 2016).

Detection of breast cancer can be made at an early stage through screening. Screening refers to the various tests and examinations that are carried out on the breasts of a person to detect the disease at the earliest, even before the actual symptoms of the disease starts to show. Usually breast cancers that can be felt and detected are cancers that have grown larger in size and that which in usual cases has spread to regions outside the breast. The treatment in such cases is very complex. Breast cancers can be treated successfully if it is detected very early, and before the actual cancer symptoms starts to show.

Another biomarker that can be observed in response to cancer is ct-DNA. Ct-DNA refers to fragments of DNA from tumors found circulating in the blood stream. A recent study indicated that observing ct-DNA could have multiple useful applications for oncologists. Ct-DNA analysis during treatment could serve as an indication of how tumors react to treatment methods and whether recurrence is likely. Detecting ct-DNA in the bloodstream could even serve as an early sign of cancer, observable before imaging tests even show tumors. However, ct-DNA analysis has not yet proved to be a replacement for LDCT

Bone scans and x-rays -- these tests look for spread of cancer to the bones.

If your doctor thinks your cancer may have spread to other parts of your body, you may need more tests, such as chest x-rays, CT scans, bone scans, or MRI scans. CT, PET, Bone Scan, and an MRI these are test to know if the breast cancer has spread.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique used to locate the position of specific DNA or RNA sequences in the cell. In situ hybridization is a process that relies on the ability of double stranded DNA or RNA to re-anneal after it has been denatured. A labeled probe is used to bind to the single strand of genetic material. The labeling allows for visualization of this region of the DNA or RNA template. FISH used fluorescently labeled nucleotides in the probe. The probe must be complementary to the DNA or RNA template strand for efficient binding. The fluorescent copy (the probe) will bind to the template strand, hybridizing them

“Cancer”, its a disease that have claimed the lives of millions, its a disease that has not been cured, and its a disease that have many different forms. There are many types of cancer. It can develop in almost any organ or tissue, such as colon, lung, skin, bones, breast or nerve tissue. Cancer is defined as “a malignant growth or tumor resulting from the division of abnormal cells.” Some of the body cells begin to divide without stopping and spreading into surrounding issues. As cells become abnormal, old and damaged cells survive somehow when they should die, and the new cells form when they are not needed. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias generally do not form solid tumors. These cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors.

Tumor marker are substances that are produced by cancer to make a tumor found in your blood. They are produced in a much higher cancer level. It could be found in blood, urine, tumor tissues or other tissues if the patient have cancer. Tumor markers are proteins. Most are associated with one cancer.

Malignant tumors do not infect just one part of the body it may expand to different areas of the body. Consequently, women are advised to practice at home methods as well as schedule routine breast exams. Diagnosis of breast cancer can involve breast self-examinations (BSE), mammograms, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRIs), computerized tomography scans (CTs), and biopsies.

The test uses gene sequencing technology to spot traces of DNA related to different cancers in screen blood samples. To be precise, it looks at 96 genetic markers associated with breast, ovarian, lung, colon and melanoma cancers - ones that have specific treatment regimens and are well known. Many cancer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or commonly known as MRI, is a technique used in medicine for producing images of tissues inside the body. It is an important diagnostic tool because it enables physicians to identify abnormal tissue without opening the body through surgery. MRI lets physicians see through bones and organs. MRI does not expose the patient to radiation, unlike tests that use X-rays. MRI provides an unparallel view inside the human body. It is the method of choice for the