The Effects of Parenting on the Development of
Self-Regulation in Children
Pamela Whitaker
999998221
University of Toronto
Introduction to Development (PSY210H1-S)
The Effects of Parenting on the Development of
Self-Regulation in Children
Effective regulation of emotions has been viewed as a developmental achievement that serves as an essential requirement for numerous other developmental tasks. Specifically, because powerful emotions have the potential to disorganize or disrupt multiple psychological processes, modulation of their experience and expression has been considered crucial for basic state regulation, behavioural exploration, cognitive processing, and social competence (Sheppes & Gross,
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Family demographics, parenting style, level of control, and warmth and responsiveness demonstrated by parents proves to have a lasting effect on the child’s self-regulation as they develop. Positive aspects of the previously mentioned variables are positively correlated with successful self-regulation skills in children. Self-regulation creates a foundation for school readiness, successful peer relationships, and the growth of self-understandings, which includes one’s self-concept, self-esteem, and moral development.
Family Demographics and Parenting Style A child’s development occurs foremost through the reciprocal interactions with the family unit. Parents usually establish the foundation for good self-regulation by providing an environment that is warm, nurturing, and encourages trust. Piotrowski, Lapierre, and Linebarger (2012) focus their research on understanding the correlates of self-regulatory abilities among children. The study was aimed at evaluating various demographic and parenting variables in order to isolate the correlates of self-regulation. Demographic variables of interest in relation to child self-regulation in the study included factors such as child age, family income, and parenting style. Demographic variables are important to consider because children,
Children do not come with guidelines or instructions. What they do come with is a crucial set of physical and emotional needs that need to be met. To raise children properly, parents duties are not limited to just food, shelter and protection. Parents are largely responsible for their children’s success in life. Parents are required to teach and educate children. They have to shape knowledge and character into their children to prepare them to face the real world. To be successful with this, parents must provide self esteem needs, teach moral and values and provide discipline that is both effective and appropriate. As the generations have changed, many parenting styles have evolved, as well.
Emotion regulation involves intrinsic and extrinsic processing of monitoring and modifying emotional reactions in both positive or negative situations (Martins, 2012). In order for individuals to have the ability to regulate emotions, they must beware of their emotions. Although infants are unaware and lack the ability to regulate their emotions, it then becomes the role of a primary carer to nurture the infant, thus acting as a model for regulating emotions. Evidently, infants grow to reflect the ways in which their carers control and modify their emotions as well as social boundaries. Furthermore, emotion regulation is considered an important aspect of an individuals life as it 'can moderate emotions and keep them in a manageable range
Lewis (2013) explains the ability to control your emotions does not begin until a child nears the age of six (as cited in Berger, 2014, p. 276). The need to maintain control of feelings and emotions remains important throughout adulthood. It would not be normal for a 38-year-old lawyer to throw a temper tantrum in the courtroom because they did not win a case. Not everyone is great at controlling their emotions, but there is always room for improvement (Berger, 2014). A child is not born with this control, nor can one learn it on their own. Morris et al. (2007) discussed the importance of parents, teachers and other adults that may be in a child?s life to instruct and inform children of appropriate ways to manage their feelings for them to learn or develop over time (as cited in Berger, 2014, p. 276). It is the same aspect as manners. A child does not come out of the womb saying ?please? and ?thank you,? but must be taught to use such mannerisms. Eric Erikson explained that children believe they can achieve any goal just as long as they keep trying because their view of their abilities is not yet within reason (Berger, 2014). A child may see a fish breath underwater and believe they too can breathe while swimming
. • Effective expression and modulation are taught to help children and parents identify and cope with a range of emotions
Overprotective parents stand in the way of their children growing emotionally. Because the parents are so overprotective, the child feels as though the only emotion that she can feel is being happy. No one is ever going to be happy all of the time, but she will put on a charade as if nothing is wrong. Coste states that “this non-acceptance of an emotional part of their personality may lead to self-resentment” ("Strict Authoritarian Parenting: Long Term Psychological Effects"). The website explains how children with shielding parents see it as a bad thing to be upset or unhappy, which leads to their beating themselves up about their feelings. I know from personal experience that it is not easy to go up to my parents and just express how I feel about certain situations. For example, it is not easy transitioning from a high school student to a college student either. Dealing with this transition has not been easy for me, and I had to deal with everything that was going on by myself. Every time my mom asked me how school was going, I lied and said it was going well. It is hard to talk about other emotions when a child is growing up dealing with parents that make her feel as if everything is fine and well. Holding all of these
My teen handled all of this stress very well due to her secure attachment, and support from my partner and me. She went through the process of applying to colleges and universities, and was able to get into several of them. She decided to go to one in state and set off on the net chapter of her life financially responsible, healthy and thoroughly happy with her life (My Virtual Teen). This positive transition through adolescence can be partly related to the authoritative parenting style I was tasked with portraying in this experiment. An Authoritative parent is highly responsive, or warm, and highly demanding (McMahan et. Al. 2015). This is the best parenting style for adolescence (Thompson, 2016) because these parents can adapt to the constantly changing world of needs that is adolescence. My teen’s behavior is reflective of my parenting style because as she began to test boundaries, I did not let up on either my warmth or my demands. She continued to do well in school, and socially, all while continuing to love her
Our emotions, whether it is momentary or long term such as fear for birds, can be controlled through “Emotion Regulation” (ER). ER has been defined in all sorts of ways, one definition that this text draws attention to is Calkins (2007), stating ER as the behaviours, skills and strategies regardless of it being automatic or effortful, that modulates affective arousal that facilitates adaptive functioning. ER is a dynamic system categorized into two main maladaptive styles, one recognised as over regulation which relates to internalised behaviours from regulation through self-control (Martins, Soares, C.Martins, Tereno and Osorio, 2012) and under regulation that involves uncontrollable negative emotion outbursts during engagement of goal-directed behaviours (Roberton, Daffern, & Bucks., 2012). What has been made evident through research, is that this dynamic process of self-regulation, begins early in infancy and continues on through the later years in life (Miller, McDonough, Rosenblum., 2002; Martins et al., 2012). The whole dynamic nature of emotions is derived from infancy and the interactions that are shared during those stages. The construction of ER within Martins et al, 2012 has been labelled in two processes, one being intrinsic and the other being extrinsic. This text studies the maladaptive styles of emotion regulating, in particular, the cause of over regulating in infants. Related to ER, this text also highlights the association between infant emotion
These conflicts require resolution before the age of twelve, lest the child develops a greater sense of inadequacy and lacks self-confidence. At eight, the child often has less supervision than previously in their life, leading to increased autonomy, with a fall-back on the parents such as seeking permission to allow activities to happen (Hoffnung et al., p. 320). Also at eight, the child may focus on more achievement-based motivations which come from the parents. This can influence the child based on the level of their achievements, whether they are successful in school or curricular activities. Parents not only influence children’s in-school achievement - they may make decisions about children’s out-of-school activities (Santrock, 2011, p. 329). Whether the child positively adapts to the desires of the parent can
The successful upbringing of a child is contingent to parents giving both adequate encouragement along with child independence. Studies have illustrated the positive effects of childhood autonomy, which includes more motivation in infants as well as observing children to be better adjusted to social and educational situations (Joussemet et al., 2008). With compelling evidence, a parenting style is one that accounts for a child’s developing sense of agency while providing the necessary
The purpose of this research is to find out if parental supervision has an influence in
In this session, I will explain about many parenting goals, beliefs, styles, behaviors, and strategies that I have experienced growing up. Parenting goals may lead to variation in parenting behavior across culture. Parenting goals provide the motivation and framework for what parents think is the best way to raise their children. In the book, “Culture and Psychology” explain about different parenting goals within different cultures. For example, there is different parenting goals between middle-class mothers in Berlin, German and middle-class mothers in New Delhi, India. In Germany, an important parenting goal is to raise children who are autonomous (Matsumoto, D. R., & Juang 2013, 68). The term autonomous means independent and having the power to make decisions. Then in India, an important parenting goal is to raise children who are autonomous, but also closely interdependent with other people (Matsumoto, D. R., & Juang 2013, 68). I believe I was more likely raised how the middle-class mothers from India raise their children.
Parents around the globe “hover” over their children to get knowledge of how their child is doing, but are parents becoming excessive or are they just trying to protect their child? Others may say it is the parents job to make sure their child does well but parents need to learn to give their child freedom and let the child fix their own mistakes. Parental Involvement is not beneficial for children's academic achievements and lives at home.
Emotion regulation is one of the main concerns for child development. Impairment in emotion regulation development lead to severe consequences in their lives. Since parenting is what contributes to children early experiences the
It is apparent throughout research parents have a high impact on the outcomes of adolescent emotional regulations and the behavior during adolescents (Feldman, 2011; Jabeen, Haque, & Riaz, 2013; Millings et al., 2012). Jabeen et al. (2013) states "parents play a crucial role in the social and emotional development of children" (pg.85). This part parent's play can be effected as stated above and the fluidity of parenting styles and their effects on adolescents should be observed. Through research looking at performance in school by Areepattamannil (2010), finds that supportive parenting yields higher achievement in school and is nearly as close in relationship to socioeconomic status.
In the next paragraphs I will consider some theories, factors and evidence on cognitive controlling of emotion in terms of