The Effects Of Victimisation And The Types Of Victimisation

Victimisation is the process of learning the various ways that authority figures determine who is a victim, while also educating the person on how to become the victim. Secondary victimisation, also known as double victimisation refers to the way the state responds to victimisation. The states response has the potential to add further burdens on to the victim. Three main components of the criminal justice system will be focused on in this paper; these are enforcement, adjudication and punishment

Makkai, 2015). Firstly, crime first needs to be categorised into types of crime that is classified under the Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification (Hayes & Makkai, 2015). Only the main and select few offences are reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in collecting annual reported crimes (Hayes & Makkai, 2015). Through ABS, it collects crime data in different ways such as crime reports, victimisations surveys, administrative data (higher courts, magistrates and policing

commit these heinous acts. They are the control theory, the rational choice theory and the social learning theory. The control theory suggests that all offenders are categorised by a lack of self-control. Self-control and its implications in various types of crime were first outlined by Hirschi in 1969, and then again by Gottfredson and Hirschi in 1990. In their analysis of causes of crimes, Gottfredson and Hirschi name a lack of self-control as the sole cause of criminal and delinquent behaviour (Buker

the current school system. It can be said that bullying begins during the earlier stages of primary school and then continues through to secondary schools. According to the NSPCC (2014), bullying is defined as “a behaviour that hurts someone.” This type of behaviour can involve an individual engaging in name calling, threatening another individual as well as physically abusing them, for example hitting, throwing or punching someone. This suggests that bullying can occur physically or verbally. On

crime in the context of Australia, discuss and analyse crime measurement methodology and the ability for the results to be an accurate assessment and reflection of crime, to examine and compare differing perspectives of crime, and to research the effect the media has upon the perceptions of crime and whether it can accurately determine whether crime is a major problem in Australia. Crime has always been socially defined, determined by morals ethics and perceptions, and leads to varying and competing

more dangerous and convinced reader through empirical evidence. References • All references will be listed in Harvard Style. A crime is an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. There are many different types of crime which range from theft, arson and driving offences to homicide, sexual assault and kidnapping. Crime in the street occurs in public places such as streets, shopping malls and car parks and depicts how a society functions. In comparison, crime

In addition the variety of influencing factors, such as childhood experience and victimisation also adds to the debate as they are identified risk factors for violence alone. However these findings could be viewed differently when observing the findings by Appelbaum et al (2000) who found that if symptoms of substance abuse are excluded

marginalised or discounted entirely. The stereotype of who a typical sexual assault victim is, is also detrimental to abide by as male victims of sexual assault will often fear being blamed and feel emasculated as a result of their victimisation. The continuation of stereotypic types of victims when considering a certain crime can often distort the seriousness of sexual

Supporting Good Practice in Managing Employment Relations – 3MER 1.1 Describe 4 factors, 2 internal and 2 external, which impact on the employment relationship There are several external and internal factors that might impact on the employment relationship such as the following examples: External Factors: 1. Given the state of the recession and how it might have affected an organisation’s finances, this has a large impact on the employment relationship i.e. due to cuts there be maybe

could be understood by the procedure agencies responsible carry out their work. Crime statistics give an indication of crime occurrences and there are two methods used in constructing crime rates: recorder crime statistics and the national crime victimisation surveys (British Crime Survey). This essay will critically analyse how accurate the measures of crime are with reference to the theories on crime. One of the official sources of crime data is collected routinely by law