2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Public - sector employees are often stereotyped as underperformers, lazy and inadequate, so a better understanding of work motivation is important to be made. Little effort has been made to identify how the environmental interaction and personal forces can influence the work motivation of the employees working for the public sector and also, to determine the extent of work motivation differences between the public and the private sector. (Wright, 2001, p. 561).
2.1 DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION
“The term ‘motivation’ can refer variously to the goals individuals have, the ways in which individuals chose their goals and the ways in which others try to change their behavior.” (Armstrong, 2009, p. 317)
Motivating other people is about convincing them to perform certain tasks to achieve a goal. Some could say that motivation can be linked with a goal-directed behavior, as most people are willing to increase their effort in order to attain a goal and be rewarded in a way that will satisfy their needs and desires.
According to Arnold (1991), motivation consists of three components:
• Direction – what a person is trying to do.
• Effort – how hard a person is trying.
• Persistence – how long a person keeps on trying.
Individual motivation is people’s ability to be self- motivated, independently set the right directions, decide the amount of effort that they want to exert and then take a course of actions that will lead them to achieve a goal. Most of the people,
Motivation is having a reason or reasons to act/behave in a particular way. It creates “drive” in people whether it is in pursuit of a goal, or the need to complete an activity. It produces enthusiasm and a willingness to achieve in both a work environment and in your personal life. Motivation can be increased and decreased in line with the incentives on offer.
“Motivation is the process whereby goal-orientated activity is instigated and sustained” (Schunk, Pintrich & Meece, 2008. As cited in Eggen & Kauchak, 2010, p.284). Motivation comes in many forms and can be divided into two broad categories - extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivators are external
Motivation is a very broad term that is discussed in a variety of settings. There is the motivation to perform in a business setting, the motivation to perform on the field of competition, the motivation to provide for friends and family, and the motivation to accomplish goals that have been set. These are all various motivations that any one person can be involved with at any time. According to Maslow, motivation always exists within a person and in various forms, “...motivation is constant, never ending, fluctuating, and complex, and that it is an almost universal characteristic of practically every organismic state of affairs” (Maslow, 1954). As complex as motivation seems, it is everyone’s intention to identify their personal
What is motivation? As manager’s, motivation is one of the most vital and crucial assets to possess in managing a business. This drive is a critical tool to use in the work place and determine the success or failure of an organization. Motivation is a driving force that initiates and directs behavior. In other words, motivation is an internal energy that drives an individual to do something in order to achieve a certain goal. Therefore, creating a motivating environment in the workplace will lead to happy employees. Creating a work environment like this, managers can expect low staff turnovers, improved productivity, happy customers, and better financial performance. Therefore, the input of motivation use towards employees determines the output efficiency of the company. However, everyone involved in an organization is motivated differently. Everybody has their own individual needs in regards to motivation. Depending on how motivated a person is, determines the effort that individual puts into the work and therefore, how productive they are.
'Motivation is a process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal-directed behaviour. Psychology 's diverse theoretical perspectives views motivation through different lenses. (Passer, Smith, Holt, Bremner, Sutherland, Vliek., 2009, p.475). The psychological motivational theory that I
The standard way of thinking about motivation has it that the only way to get people to be driven is to reward them extrinsically. In other words, the way we generally try to motivate people is by dangling a carrot in front of their face, or pushing them with a poke to the ribs with stick. Many people assume that if you want someone to do something, you incentivize them with external compensation. For example, if you want a student to work harder in class, offer them extra credits. If you want your basketball team to be better, make them run more suicides as punishment. However, in this book, Drive: ’’The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us’’ by Daniel Pink challenges this conventional, preconceived notion of motivation of carrot and stick mentality. Pink divided motivation into three categories that evolved over time: motivation 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0.
Motivation is the number one driving force behind anything and everything an individual does each day. “Motivation is the desire to do the best possible job or to exert the maximum effort to perform an assigned task. Motivation energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior directed towards a goal.” (Honor, 2009). Motivation can determine the outcome of projects, goals, and can set limits on what an individual can obtain or what they believe they can obtain. Motivation often is the deciding factor on how successful a project in an organization is, and an individual’s needs and desires can both influence a person’s motivation greatly. Motivation can also determine how well an individual does in school, college, or university.
Motivation and theories -------------------------- 2.1. Definition and theory framework ------------------------------------ Motivation can be described as the driving force of individual behaviour to fulfill needs or achieve goals. Mitchell defines motivation as 'the degree to which an individual wants and chooses to engage in certain specified behaviours' (Mullins 2002:418). In terms of this definition, various theories have been developed around.
Motivation is the reason or purpose behind action, or what causes one to act in
Motivation is driven differently in today’s era that in previous era’s. People are evolving and so are the ways in which they want to be motivated. D’Ausilio (2008)
‘Motivation’ is derived from the Latin term ‘movere’ that means ‘to move’. Thus, motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates a behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive (Luthans). Broadly speaking, motivation is willingness to exert high levels of efforts towards organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts’ ability to satisfy some individual needs (Robbins). Need means some internal state that make certain outcomes appear attractive. An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates drives within the individual. These drives generate a search behaviour to find particular goals, that if attained,
What is motivation? What influences it? The term motivation can be defined in different ways. Motivation can simply defined as “ a need that, if high, is evident in a strong desire to achieve, to excel, to reach a high level of excellence” (Lefrancois 430). To become motivated, one must have a positive attitude to a variety of learning skills. Some factors that influence motivation include our peers, friends, parents, and environmental settings. Division four being high school division, attention is focused towards learning and what methods can be used. Students at this stage are more eager and develop a sense of what he or she wants to do and accomplish in upcoming adulthood. With a division comes a group of intelligent theorists. All
Motivation is the processes that account for an individual’s Intensity, Direction ,and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Miss Nipuni, 2014). According to Maslow’s Hierarchy
It’s no secret that managing in the public sector differs from managing in the more flexible environment of the private sector. Often the environments in which public sector managers operate can cause it to be difficult to succeed. Public organizations are highly-visible environments and managers need public sector employees to be highly productive and engaged if they are to succeed. Understanding what motivates employees is vital in attempting to yield a high level of productivity from them. There are many theories that lead us to believe that an employee’s motivation level is directly related to the employee’s level of productivity and engagement. So then what motivates a workforce as a whole, each individual, and does employee motivation vary between public and private organizations?
Baron (1983) says that “motivation is a set of process concerned with a kind of force that energizes behavior and directs it towards achieving some specific goals” (Baron, 1983, p. xxx). According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2001, p.162) motivation represents “those psychological processes that cause the stimulation, persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed”. Consequently, these definitions lead to the assumption that motivation is something evolving from within an individual as well as the individual being influenced by external factors.