Summery In process industries the flowrate of a fluid can be defined by measuring the pressure drop across pipes and fittings while the fluid passing through them. In this laboratory experiment, the flowrate of the fluid and the force acting on the flat plate were measured. While comparing the experimental values for pressure drop with theoretical ones, it became clear that in most cases, experimental values exceed theoretical ones. The reasons of deviations from ideal theoretical values are roughness of the pipes which was not taken into account (pipes were supposed to be smooth), changes in temperature (constant room temperature (20 0C) was assumed), compressibility of air (it was supposed that air is incompressible) and debris in pipes. 1. Introduction Because of safety circumstances, it is very important to control pressure loss through pipes in order to ensure a process plant to operate in a safe way. To design a safe plant operation, pressure loss across the process plant should be taken into account and it can be manageable by making changes in flowrate of the fluid. The aims of this experiment are to measure pressure drop across different pipes,fittings, venturi meter and orifice plate, to figure out momentum change of air due to jet impingement on a flat plate and finally, to discuss differences between practical measurements and theoretical predictions. 2. Theory 2.1 Smooth pipe In the last laboratory experiment, general pressure loss across straight pipes was
The objective of this experiment was to learn how water displacement affected density. Another objective was to identify the metals used in our experiments. We used a variety of different metals to test their correlation and to find out if it was negative or positive. I did not expect to learn much from this experiment as we had already discussed density in class and learned that water displacement is basically volume so as it increased the density would have decreased had we used metals of the same mass.
Pressure gradient is the flow rate of a liquid through a pipe. This is directly proportional to the difference between the pressures at the two ends of the pipe and inversely proportional to the pip's resistance. The pressure gradient is directly dependent upon blood vessel radius which essentially controls blood flow. The bigger the blood vessel radius, the more blood flow or fluid flow. The smaller blood vessel radius, the lesson blood or fluid flow.
Abstract: This experiment introduced the student to lab techniques and measurements. It started with measuring length. An example of this would be the length of a nickel, which is 2cm. The next part of the experiment was measuring temperature. I found that water boils around 95ºC at 6600ft. Ice also has a significant effect on the temperature of water from the tap. Ice dropped the temperature about 15ºC. Volumetric measurements were the basis of the 3rd part of the experiment. It was displayed during this experiment that a pipet holds about 4mL and that there are approximately 27 drops/mL from a short stem pipet. Part 4 introduced the student to measuring
The Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 also apply to fluid power as fluid power is working with fluids under high pressure. Causes of incidents using this type of equipment can be poor maintenance, unsafe system of work, poor installation, or inadequate repairs etc. Under this regulation these incident are prevented as the risks are
Another assumption we used was amid the calculation of the current pipeline amongst D and E. It was demonstrated that there was a prerequisite to convey an extra stream, and accordingly a new pipeline (looped) was required. A diameter was to be assumed for the new parallel pipeline. After two unsuccessful attempts with diameters of 0.3 m and 0.35 m, our third diameter of 0.38 m, successfully carried the additional flow rate of
In this experiment, the velocity profile for a flat plate at zero pressure gradient of a boundary layer at two different stream wise points were acquired. The investigation was also based on and how changes in Reynolds number affect the velocity distribution within boundary layers. Parameters such as the Momentum Thickness, Displacement Thickness, Shape Factor, shear stress and coefficient of friction was also calculated to gain a better understand of boundary layers. The experimental values calculated were compared to the theoretical Blasius for laminar flow and Power Law Solutions for turbulent flow to see how they varied. It was found out the higher the Reynolds number the greater the boundary layer thickness. As the
The Lift Coefficient CL is calculated using the graphs 1-6. In this report counting the squares method is used to calculate the area between the curves for pressure distribution on the upper surface and lower surface. The area gives the lift coefficient at particular angles
where A2 is the cross-sectional area of the throat, C is the coefficient of discharge (dimensionless), gc is the dimensional constant, Q is the volumetric rate of discharge measured at upstream pressure and temperature, w is the weight rate of discharge, p1 and p2 are the pressures at upstream and downstream static pressure taps, respectively, Y is a dimensionless expansion factor, β is the ratio of the throat diameter to pipe
This report is a compilation of my work done with Bombardier Aerospace during the tenure of my Internship in Summer 2017, a requisite for MEng Aerospace being pursued at Concordia University. The aim of this internship was to implement Exhaust Nozzle Simulation using AIAA Dual Separate Flow Reference Nozzle.
In addition, it is important to note that the oxygen in the air and the pressure of the cylinder are directly related, as oxygen is removed, the pressure of the cylinder is reduced. This lab did not pose many safety hazards, except for Acetic Acid being an irritant. In this lab, we followed the lab procedures found in the University of Chicago’s General Chemistry Lab Manual for the experiment titled “The Oxygen Content of Air”. However, we deviated slightly by increasing the temperature to 54 °C after witnessing little oxidation occurring while using lower temperatures.
Another characteristic of any liquid is its attraction to a surface. It attaches itself to any surface and cannot be moved. The liquid in the “box” on the very surface of a pipe does not flow or move. It always remains stationary. The liquid in the “box” above it has to slide against it and that requires an amount of energy to overcome friction between the two “boxes”. The higher
INTRODUCTION Matter and energy are the constituents of this universe. Matter is the condensed form of energy. Mass is the most important characteristic property of matter. It is the content of matter, described by its property of inertia. Matter with inertia (mass) property; continue to be in constant motion or in constant rest.
If I were to do this experiment in the future I would use multiple pipes of different lengths rather than using a piston to alter the length. I think this would give more accurate results. I would also consider using pipes of different materials to see if it has any effect on the results.
To look at how the pressure drop changes when the average velocity is altered in a circular pipe and to plot a graph of Friction Factor versus Reynolds
The miniCFB was made out of clear acrylic pieces. Operators can clearly see the dynamics of gas-particle mixing throughout the riser. They can visually record the height of moving solids or bed height in the standpipe. The particles swirl indicating rotational dynamics inside the cyclone is clearly visible during gas solid separation. Researchers may take image of gas-solid interactions at any section of the rig, be it at the interface of the L-valve and riser entrance or at the riser exit and crossover. For instance, a high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) using a shadowing technique counted accurate number of falling particles in the lean region of standpipe. The shadowing method gives improved depth of focus enhancing accurate measurement of solid circulation rate at steady state.