The IRA: A Terrorist Group

The IRA declared a cease-fire on July 19, 1997 to become effective July 20. At the end of August, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland announced her finding that the cease-fire was being observed, allowing Sinn Fein, the political party closely identified with the IRA, entry into negotiations on Northern Ireland's political future. The July 20 cease-fire ended a 17-month terrorism campaign and led to the opening of inclusive political talks in September. Following the cease-fire there was a marked decrease of sectarian violence but not a total cessation. Police believe that paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland were responsible for 22 deaths, 251 shootings, and 78 bombings during 1997 (http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/ira.htm). Both republican and loyalist paramilitary groups continued to engage in vigilante attacks, although there was a decrease in the number of such incidents even before the July cease-fire.

The Molly Maguires organized about 1860 within a respectable society, known as the Ancient Order of Hiberians, it was most likely a revival of what was known as "Ribbonism" of Ireland. This had been formed to defend the interests of peasants against the oppression of the absentee landlords. Its methods were those of terrorism.

Another group, the IRA, the Irish Republican Army use assassinations and guerilla warfare tactics to cause terrorism.

After the first world war the leaders of europe came together to discuss the boundaries of europe. British rule decided to separate ireland into two sides. North Ireland was created when the british government of Ireland Act in 1920 divided Ireland into two areas; the Irish Free State and the Northern Ireland Roman Catholics, who made up around one-third of the population of Northern Ireland, were largely opposed to the separation. The British took over , but only after many revolts and riots against them from the people of ireland. In 1969 the IRA (Irish Republican Army) was formed. They were a Catholic Irish nationalist group that used guerrilla tactics like bombings and assassinations to oppose British rule and oppression in Ireland. Their main goal was to fight the british that took over their home. The IRA would Fight using guerilla and terrorist tactics including bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, punishment beatings, extortion, smuggling, and robberies. But over time the IRA became more of a dangerous militia then patriots defending their home.

The Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) is a splinter group of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that uses sabotage, subversion, and guerilla warfare to express its opposition to the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. This agreement basically recognized that the majority of the people within Northern Ireland wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom. It also recognized that a large section of the people of Northern Ireland, and the majority of the people of the continent of Ireland wanted a united Ireland. For the most part, the Good Friday Agreement brought an end to the struggle between unionists and nationalists during the “Troubles” (an unconventional war spanning from 1968-1998 in Northern Ireland between British security forces, republican and loyalist paramilitaries, and civil rights groups). To understand how the RIRA came to be, you have to know a little about the history of the IRA. Specifically, on how the members regarded violence as a means to a unified Ireland without British involvement. “In December 1969, the IRA divided into “Official” and “Provisional” wings. Both factions were committed to a united Irish republic, but the Officials eschewed violence after 1972, whereas the Provisionals, or “Provos,” carried out various attacks and assassinations, attempting to compel the British Army to withdraw from Northern Ireland. In the wake of the Bloody Sunday shootings by the British military in January 1972, the Provos’ ranks

The Easter Uprising of 1916 was an event that happened at the tail end of a long list of events that would forever change Ireland. The Uprising or Rising, as some call it, took place mostly in Dublin but was felt throughout Ireland. The point was to gain independence from Great Britain who had ruled Ireland for the past couple hundred years. At the turn of the 19th century England believed that Ireland had too much independence and made the Act of Union. “The result was the Act of Union of 1801: the Irish parliament voted itself out of existence and England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales were formally politically unified for the first time” (Hegarty 2). Around the time of the First World War, Ireland began

Violence, terror, suffering and death. The conflict that has been burning in Northern Ireland seems to be an unstoppable battle and it has flooded over the land of Northern Ireland. The struggle for power and the persistence of greed have fueled the raging fires of the opposing groups. The conflict in Northern Ireland has been discussed continually over the past few decades. Ever since the beginning of the “Troubles,” organizations have been scavenging to find a plan that will cease the violence. Throughout my research for this project, the questions of what are the main sources of conflict in Northern Ireland and why have they continued today guided me to many fascinating pieces of evidence that

The Continuity Irish Republican Army operates in Northern Ireland where it is currently under the control of United Kingdom. The CIRA are a splinter group from the larger Provincial Irish Republican Army (PIRA). The CIRA has been recognized as a splinter faction off of the real Irish Republican Army ever since the middle of the 1980’s (Mueller, 2015). The group has not been conducting attacks in recent years because they do not have many members. The CIRA is thought to have committed the attack that took place in 1987, where eleven people were killed in the Northern Ireland town called Enniskillen (Fletcher, 2008, para. 7).

The alleged origin of the Irish Republican Army could be traced back to the Easter Rising of 1916 (Alonso, 2001; Arena & Arrigo, 2004; Filardo-Llamas, 2013; Hart, 1997; Page & Smith, 2000). Radical nationalists, who were part of a group called the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), took the opportunity to take up arms against the British during the war in Europe (Filardo-Llamas, 2013). The Irish Republican Brotherhood was the precursor of the modern IRA. They were a secret society who was

The primary task for the Blacks and Tans was to make Ireland “Hell for the Rebels to live in.” It was reported that over 8000 black and tans had gone to Ireland, and while it was problematic to survive with the men who used the classical guerrilla style tactics against them, for those who

The Irish had suffered long before in the hands of the English when Cromwell had been in control and had taken away land held by the catholic majority of the country to members of the protestant minority. This created a large tension among the population with the oppressed majority and the rather entitled minority who by Trevelyan’s snooty tone did indeed see themselves as the superior people in the country. (Trevelyan’s tone is probably the most dismissive when in discussion of the Irish, mayhaps showing his own true dislike.) (Trevelyan, p. 116-

The precursor to the IRA was a group called the Irish Volunteers who later transformed in the IRA around 1919. The goal from the start was to create the Independent Republic that was not controlled by Britain. The Sinn Fein was the government wing of the terrorist group, who shared the same exact goal but from a diplomatic standpoint. Not everyone who was a part of the IRA was also a part of the Sinn Fein and vice versa but the membership tended to overlap during the IRA’s inception period. The IRA first used terrorism during the war of Irish independence from 1919-1921 against Britain. At the end of the war, Britain had let go of 26 counties and this resulted in a new free Ireland. However, 6 counties remained under Britains control. The 6 six counties that remained were together named Northern Ireland and to this day, Northern Ireland is still a part of the United Kingdom. The first split of the IRA happened during this time between those who accepted 26 counties being set free (loyalist) and those who were upset that 6 remained under Britain control. Those who were not in favor of 6 counties apart of the United Kingdom were named the Irregulars. A civil war occurred between the irregulars and the new Irish government and the irregulars had lost. This did not stop them from recruiting and training, in hopes that their dream of a unified Ireland. The new Irish government made the organization illegal due to its continued

The Irish Republican Army Ideology The Irish Republican Army ideology is still living in Northern Ireland, nearly a century after the organization’s establishment. Although the IRA has since disbanded, the spirit is kept alive by a number of splinter factions, including the Provisional, Continuity, and Real IRAs. Not many terrorist organizations can maintain a campaign this extensive in time. The long history of the IRA campaign of terror leads to many political, social, religious, educational and economic effects.

The Ethics of Touting and Retaliation in Northern Ireland Using Deane’s novel Reading in the Dark a story of Northern Ireland set from 1920 to 1960 and, Conroy’s social history Belfast Diary, for the history of Northern Ireland as told in the 1980’s, this essay discusses the treatment of informers by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Starting with Reading in the Dark, Which tells the tale of a young man growing up while discovering his dysfunctional families’ history involving an uncle framed for informing and being murdered by his own people. Comparing the novel with the social history Belfast Diary, about the author’s time spent in Belfast in 1980 and all the social problems four hundred years of oppression and war create. Conroy and Deane

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the background of the GAA in Dublin from it's formation in 1886 up to 1914, including the nationalit aspect of the Association at that time. The formation of the Irish Volunteers will also be examined in great detail, as will the involvement of the members of the GAA in Dublin in the Great War. The central part of the thesis will be the 1916 Easter Rising and the involvement of the members of the GAA in Dublin in the insurrection. The official reaction of the GAA to the Easter Rising and the growth of Dublin GAA after April 1916 will prove how the GAA in Dublin changed following the insurrection.