It is a kind of positive interspecific interaction in which members of two different species favor the growth and survival of each other and their association is obligatory.
Species A = (+)
Species B = (+)
In this interaction, the members have widely different requirements and so interdependent that they cannot survive separately. It is an extreme type of symbiosis in which symbionts have permanent and obligatory close contacts.
1.Mutualism between animal and animal species
Cleveland (1926) reported the presence of a multi flagellate protozoan - Trichonympha Campanula as a symbiont in the intestine of white ant - termite.
The ant provides food and shelter to the protozoan which in turn secretes cellulase enzymes to digest the cellulose of wood ingested by the ant. Cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars which are used by both the partners.
When the gut lining of Termite is ready for molting, Trichonympha undergoes encystment and are passed out with molting.
To ensure infection, the ant eats its molt. Newly hatched termites lick the anus of the older termites to ingest the symbiont.
About 11 families and 40 genera of flagellates have been reported from the intestine of termites.
Ant-aphid mutualism
Some kinds of ants pick up aphids or the aphids eggs from the surface of green plants and shelter them inside their own nest. The ants use the digestive wastes of the aphids as their food while aphids in return get nourishment from the rootlets of the plants ramifying through
Two circles were drawn directly across from each other on plain white paper. One was drawn with a black Sharpie marker, and the other was drawn with a black ballpoint pen. Three separate termites were dropped directly in the middle of the two circles, and their reactions were recorded for sixty seconds. This was repeated once for each termite.
The only organism in the included area is the termite so that is the common name for the class reticulitermes.
Mutualism is when two organisms have a relationship in which both of them benefit.An example of mutualism is algae and the spider crab.Since spider crabs spend most of their time in shallow water they can be seen by predators.Algae will make the spider crabs back their home.Now with the algae on their back, the spider crab is able to disguise itself from predators.If the spider crab did not have the algae it would be eaten by predators,if the algae didn't have the spider crab it would not have a home.
After the circles were drawn, the termites were each placed on a circle. Observations were recorded and each of the termites were rotated until they had been placed near all of the circles.
Most members of the kingdom Fungi lack flagella; the structures are completely absent in all stages of their life cycle. The only
A mutualistic symbiotic relationship is where both partners benefit from each other. An excellent example would be an oxpecker and a rhino. As the rhino grazes in the field, many ticks and other insects fall upon the rhino. The oxpecker comes in and eats the ticks and other insects off the rhino. Both partners benefit in this situation because the rhino gets the ticks and insects off of it, the oxpecker gets its food from the rhino.
In all symbiotic relationships, one of the species involved in benefited. In Mutualism, both are benefited, in Parasitism one is harmed by the other’s gain, is commensalism one is not affected by the other’s gain. In a Cooperative relationship, both are working together to achieve a common goal. In Predation, one organism is preyed upon by another, who will most likely use the organism for food.
The anteaters are animals that fed on insects, specifically termites, insects that fed on the wood of trees. The reasons on how both creatures came to be and why the termites are preyed upon the anteaters originate from the actions of Queen Termes and her city of Termitaria.
A symbiotic relationship is a relationship that is mutually beneficial to each person. A person can be extremely affected and value a symbiotic relationship. In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, Lennie and George display a skewed symbiotic relationship. The relationship between the two men is more beneficial for Lennie than George.
Commensalism is when one species can benefit from a relationship and not hurt the other. There are four different main types; chemical, inquilinism, metabiosis and phoresy. Chemical commensalism is most often observed between bacteria. It involves the species of one bacteria feeding on the chemicals produced or the waste products of the other bacteria. Inquilinism involves one species using the body of another organism as a platform or living space while the host does not benefit or is harmed. Metabiosis occurs when one species unintentionally creates a home for another species through one of its normal life activities. A phoresy takes place when one organism attaches to another organism specifically for the purpose of gaining transportation. An example of commensalism (inquilinism) is barnacles and whales. Barnacles are non-moving and they rely on currents to bring them food. Some barnacles attach themselves to whales in order to help them live. They can benefit as they are then transported over the ocean which exposes them to more feeding oppurtunities. The whale neither benefits or is harmed by the barnacles.
These termites are easily transported in infested furniture or timber. Look for swarmers, shed wings and surface blisters.
It's safe to assume that we all agree that termites are not the most welcome house guests. They can continuously feed on vital parts of your home or business - rendering your property bare and unsafe for habitation. To the untrained eye they often resemble ants, which can make their presence unknown. This is a dangerous situation to be in.
There are three forms of symbiotic relationships namely mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. The partners in a symbiotic relationship may either benefit from, be unaffected by, or be harmed by the kind of relationship that exists between them, (Berg 2007). Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both the partners benefit from the relationship, (Berg 2007). Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship whereby one party benefits while the other party is neither harmed nor benefits, (Berg 2007). Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one party benefits while the other is harmed, (Berg 2007).
Although both Archaeal and bacterial cells possess flagella for motility, the composition of each organism’s flagellum is very different. In bacterial cell, the flagellum is composed of a basal body, external protein filaments both are joined together by a third component called the hook.(Bacteria Flagella David Gene Morgan , Shahid Khan). In Archaeal, the protein filament is polymerised, glycosylated and very much thinner. The Archaeal flagellum is believed to be similar to the bacteria IV pilus in structure.(www.uniprot.org/keywords/974).
Metazoans are most likely a clade, that is, they all descended from one kind of protist. All metazoans originally had one cilium or flagellum per cell, for example. Metazoans also share the same kind of early development. They form into infolded balls of internal cells which are often free to move, and are covered by outer sheets of cells that form an external coating for the animal: a skin, if you like.