The Main Goals Of Phenomenology

Oral history is described by Cooper, as “personal reminiscence” (Cooper 192) that is gathered by the researcher through an interview format. It can focus on the life; specific events or memories of the person being interviewed or specific moments that the interviewer wants to focus on. Secondly, oral tradition is seen as “stories about the past that local populations produce and reproduce through oral performative transmissions, as a means of preserving their history and consolidating or contesting a sense of belonging and identity” (Cooper 192). Cooper highlights two different critiques of oral traditions, the first one being the structuralist critique. Structuralists argue that oral traditions are more symbolic and universal than historical and literal (Cooper 195). On the other hand, the presentist critique argues that oral traditions only function to reproduce existing structures which only tells us about the present, not the

Chapter four of Creswell (2013) discusses the different research approaches. These approaches consist of: narrative research, phenomenological research, grounded theory research, ethnographic research, and case study research. Each of these research approaches has defining features, different categories within each type, procedures, and lastly, challenges.

In this qualitative phenomenological research, the researcher went to the building that the participants’ schools were located for participants’ convenience. The researcher followed a protocol of first conducting individual interviews with each of the ten participants. A semi-structured, conversational style of individual interviewing was adopted in order to explore the respondents’ stories which made interviewing multiple subjects more methodical (See Appendix A for Interview Protocol). According to Meehan, 20014),

Thus, the grounded theory study conducted semi-structured interviews. These interviews included broad questions, and questions generated by theoretical sensitivity, which is commonly related to grounded theory studies. In the case study, the data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews as well. The data collection in the phenomenological study was framed in Heidegger phenomenology because it allowed the researcher to have more interaction and involvement with the participants of this study. The discussion of the data collection for the authoethnography is clearly different from the aforementioned approaches. In this case, the author presented a narrative of a series of discussions and self-reflective points that the author maintained with his own family about end-of-life making-decisions and their relationship with ethics of

A qualitative methodological approach was the obvious choice in that it allows for the collection and interpretation of stories, narratives, interviews and other forms of non-quantifiable data. A qualitative approach also does not demand or strive for detached objectivity of the researcher but instead encourages the disclosure of researcher bias and the engagement of the researcher with the research and subjects, often in the role of participant-observer (Dade, Tartakov, Hargrave, & Leigh,

• the historical events of the time and the person’s experience of those; and so forth.

Phenomenology is a guided analysis and transformed personal experience into disciplinary understanding. This style of research (lived experience) also delivers a clear identified method for these men such as, using semi-structured and open-ended questions addressing the lived experience. This research helped these men to clarify, predict possible outcomes, recognize the phenomena of the understanding of

Researchers describe phenomenological approach as an approach that considers the nature or meaning of something, and the questions are all about the essence and not about the look. Therefore, information is composed through a diversity of means which are: focus groups, diaries, videotape and written descriptions by subjects, and interviews and observation. But, generic qualitative approach is considered more of a qualitative probe that investigates an individual report of their subjective opinions, attitudes, beliefs, or reflections on their

Phenomenology for organizational research. Phenomenology for organizational research was presented by Patricia Sanders in 1982. It is one of the most popular phenomenological approaches to organize quality research. Sanders (1982) pointed out that phenomenology for organizational research was a research technique that sought to ‘‘make explicit the implicit structure and meaning of human experiences’’ (p. 354).

They included 18 older people, 13 women and 5 men, ages 64-89, with an average age of 77.9 years, who were moderately to severely depressed and hospitalized in a psychogeriatric hospital (Bjorklof, Kirkevold, Engedal, Selbiek, & Helvik, 2015). The group decided to use the phenomenological hermeneutics methodology, because it aims to describe and interpret the experiences and meanings of a person’s lived experiences. Eleven of these patients were experiencing their first episode of depression and

There are a lot of differences between the two perspectives; however something they both have in common is reflexivity, the researcher’s willingness to put themselves in the picture of knowledge production. In the phenomenological perspective this is noted unambiguously as a desirable part of the method and is unequivocal about the way in which the approach is appropriate

Oral History has gone through a complex evolution in the professionalization of history. Green and Troup articulate that from the 1960’s on, oral history became known as “unreliable and tainted by personal subjectivity.” However, at the same time, oral history saw a revival with the arrival of New History. Green and Troup articulate, “history from bellow embraced oral history as a means for rewriting history from the perspective of the marginalized or oppressed.” This opens up the discussion of individual agency. Which is more important in terms of oral histories, the agency of the subject or the interviewer?

Although the researchers reviewed the various literature to develop practice guidelines, draw conclusions, create the research question, develop a study design, and find ways to control bias. In fact, it presented key terms, such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, and interview methods (Dainty et al., 2014). Descriptive style helps to ‘bracket’ any preconceptions, since hermeneutic methods acknowledge that an experience could influence its interpretation. The hermeneutic phenomenological design linked to the study question, which based on the experience of multiple realities (Dainty et al., 2014). Overall, the literature reviews adequately linked the interview question and design through interpretative phenomenology theory.

In the qualitative article by Dykes, Slade, and Haywood, the phenomenon of interest is clearly identified as long-term implications of termination of pregnancy (TOP) and is promptly introduced in the abstract. The authors state that TOP is a common procedure in the United Kingdom (UK) and implies importance to the nursing profession due to the prevalence of this procedure as well as confusion demonstrated by recognized health care organizations on how TOPs affect women. Based on psychological impacts discussed, this topic is important in order for nurses to understand the vulnerability of women to negative TOP-associated thoughts and to improve lifelong accessibility to post-TOP counselling. The twofold aim of the study is presented as exploration of the long-term experiences of perimenopausal women who had a TOP and their perceptions of connections or lack thereof between TOP and menopausal experiences.

In case study research, an investigator studies an individual or small group of individuals with an unusual condition or situation. Case studies are typically clinical in scope. The investigator (often a clinical sociologist) sometimes uses self‐report measures to acquire quantifiable data on the subject. A comprehensive case study, including a long‐term follow‐up, can last months or years.