The Musculoskeletal System Is Under The Control Of The Nervous System

Skeletal Muscle Structure.The cells of skeletal muscles are long fiber-like structures. They contain many nuclei and are subdivided into smaller structures called myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of 2 kinds of myofilaments. The thin filaments are made of 2 strands of the protein actin and one strand of a regulatory protein coiled together. The thick filaments are staggered arrays of myosin molecules.

Four interval times (PR, RT, TP and RR) measured in seconds were recorded both with the subject at rest and after the subject had exercised. The PR and RT intervals remained virtually unchanged with the PR intervals remaining the same both before and after exercise with an interval time of 0.15 seconds, and the RT interval increase by 0.01 seconds from 0.37 at rest to 0.38 seconds after exercise. More substantial changes were noted in TP and RR intervals. The TP interval decreasing from 0.32 seconds at rest to just 0.08 seconds after exercise, a decrease of 0.24 seconds (just 25% of the resting 0.32 seconds). The RR interval decreased from 0.84 seconds at rest to 0.61 seconds seconds after exercise, a decrease of 0.23 seconds

Provided to each subject was a consent form to review and sign before their participation in this study. The researcher excluded any identifiable information from the data collection measures. Subjects received a number as they signed in for the information session. The researcher used these numbers to link the subjects to their surveys and their clinical assessments. Their numbers coordinated with the attendance form which was in the sole possession of the researcher. Institution

Muscle fibres, as shown in Diagram 1, consist of myofibrils, which contain the proteins, actin and myosin, in specific arrangements . The diagram illustrates how a muscle is made up of many fascicles, which in turn are made up of many endomysiums, and within them, many muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre is made up of many myofibrils that consist of sarcomeres bound end on end . Actin is a thin filament, about 7nm in diameter, and myosin is a thick filament, about 15nm in diameter , both of which reside in the sarcomere. They are held together by transverse bands known as Z lines . Diagram 2 shows actin and myosin filaments within a sarcomere, and the Z lines that connect them.

This conclusion was supported by the biological background. The greater amount of previous exercise would cause higher release of lactic acid, inorganic phosphate and also would increase the likelihood of micro damage to the muscle fibres. Thus, greater the amount of previous exercise could lead to greater muscle fatigue which affected the rate of contraction of muscle fibres. Consequently, lower number of cycles was counted within a given time limit, as the

The informed consent should indicate the participant has read, and understands the details of the study. A statement regarding the maintenance of privacy, confidentiality, and right to decline to participate is included on the consent form, and discussed with each participant prior to the beginning of any interviews. One copy of the consent form is provided to the participant for their records, with the original signed copy is maintained by the researcher in safe

Power is the rate at which work is performed. It has a speed component to it, unlike strength. The explosive aspect of strength is referred to as maximal muscular power and is the functional application of both strength and speed of movement (Kenney, Wilmore, & Costill, 2015). The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnt) has been proven to be a tool that is reliable for assessing muscular power, endurance and fatigue. A study was completed in order to determine the relationship between upper body strength and power and on the upper body anaerobicperformance. A bench press and bench press throw was used to determine upper body anaerobic performance and was measured during an arm ergometry WAnt (Lovell, Mason, Eagles, Shewring &Mclellan,2011).

Informed consent forms will be used. These forms will contain information regarding the purpose of the study as well as the procedure being used.

Obtaining consent from participants for clinical studies is an essential element of research. Consents are made to protect individuals from harm (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015). The first critical element that must be clearly stated in any consent is that participation is voluntary. Second, informed consent implies that participants must be “informed”. Therefore, the consent form must include information that is important but does not compromise the research such as: purpose, procedures and tasks. In addition, the consent form must clearly state the duration of the clinical study (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015). This element is essential because participants need to plan ahead to take part of the research for a pre-established period of time. The risk and benefits must be clearly written as well. Confidentiality is another critical element that must be present in the consent form. Participants must be aware if their information will be share with 3rd parties, so they can continue or withdraw from the project. Furthermore, the consent must state any compensation or incentives that participants will receive. Participant’s rights should be written with clarity within the consent form. Lastly, participants must have some contact information available in case any question arise (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt,

Stretching, post exercise, is also a recovery technique used to combat the detrimental effects of exercise. According the study conducted by Beckett, Schneiker, Wallman, Dawson, and Guelfi (2009), a static stretching regimen of the lower extremity prime movers resulted in slower sprint times for test participants. Results also revealed that stretching had detrimental effects on the repeated sprint ability test. This study suggested that static stretching did not have a significant impact on athletic performance or post activity recovery. Participants who performed static stretching during their recovery period all recorded slower sprint and repeated sprint test times. Conversely, Ray, Lago-Peñas, Casáis, and Lago-Ballesteros (2012), studied the effects of stretching (passive recovery) twenty-four hours post exercise, on subsequent testing for professional soccer players. The researchers concluded that static stretching improved performance on counter movement jump test for participants, but had no effect on 20 meter sprint times and agility testing. This researchers suggested that the evidence found within this study is inconclusive, there is no definitive way to decide if stretching had a positive impact on athlete recovery. Stretching, although used by many practitioners and proven to aid in injury prevention does not seem to have a positive or negative affect on recovery from the studies

That said, a key question which also should be stressed is how to limit participants from withdrawing once obtaining consent. I suggest a way to easily prevent scrutinizing the validity of the data is by first, ensuring that all volunteers, healthy or patient, are completely committed in participating, and if patients request to withdraw, a valid reason is obligatory. An introduction of a penalty should be considered to patients or subjects who provide an inadequate excuse. Secondly, screening out a defined population who have a language barrier. This will allow investigators to ensure thorough evaluation of the information sheet by hiring professionals to translate or even provide a separate informed consent in an understood language for patients

Movement is created by the muscular, skeletal systems and nervous system working together. The skeleton is the framework for the body in which muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints and connective tissue are attached. The muscles use the bone as a lever to move parts of the body through messages sent to and from the brain through the spinal cord, without muscles the body would not be able to move and would remain stationary. Movement is created when the muscles contract they pull the bone and it moves for example by flexing the forearm the agonist muscle which is the biscep pulls the forearm up towards the shoulder, during the flexing of the forearm the antagonist muscle which is the tricep is resisting the movement of the forearm to the shoulder,

When looking at the term musculoskeletal we see that the two systems joined together are the muscular and the skeletal system. These two systems work together; they both include the bones, muscle, tendons, and ligaments of the body. The bones are joined by ligaments to form the skeleton, which is the framework of the body. The musculoskeletal system is what provides our body with shape, protection of our internal organs and the ability to

There was a common characteristic in all of the experiments performed, that being it involved the nervous system and how it worked within the body to elicit different responses based on different stimuli. Signals in the nervous system were fired, which triggered a response somewhere in the body. This requires two systems to accomplish this, the afferent and efferent systems. The afferent system is the system responsible for sending signals from the receptors to the central nervous system. The efferent system is responsible for sending the response away from the central nervous system to the area in which it wishes to produce an action. Between these two systems is an integrating center, or control center. The afferent brings information from the receptor into the integrating center, the information is processed, and then a response is sent away from the integrating center by the efferent system and the response occurs. “Dynamic task-dependent regulation of reflexes controlled by the central nervous system plays an integral part in neurocontrol of locomotion,” shows how the central nervous system and the reflex arcs that it causes are vital for the body to be able to function (Hofstoetter, U. S., Minassian, K., Hofer, C., et al.) The cerebral cortex also plays a part in the sending and receiving of signals throughout the body. It is located on the

A muscle is composed of numerous strands of tissue, referred to as fascicles. Each one of these fascicles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers (Lynn Hetzler). The muscle fibers are then made up of tens of thousands of myofibrils. Myofibrils are thread-like structures that are able to contract, relax, and stretch. Sacromeres, which are millions of thick and thin myofilaments laid end-to-end,