The Nazca Civilization In Southwest Peru

Steven J. Stern’s text, Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest, highlights from beginning to end Spain’s conquest of the Andean people while articulating the transformation of the relationship between these two peoples. He illustrates how Spain’s efforts toward colonialism of the Andes, transformed the natives from a self-sufficient group of people into an oppressed caste system known as “Indians.” Additionally, he introduces the idea that the Spanish needed to break the indigenous and gain their favor in order successfully establish dominance over them and their land. While arguing this, he offers several facts, which contradict the black legend associated with the Spanish and their means of conquest.

Malpass, Michael A. Daily Life in the Inca Empire. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996. Questia School. Web. https://www.questiaschool.com/read/99614614/daily-life-in-the-inca-empire

Starting in 1400 CE and continuing even today, Cuzco is the religious and administrative capital of the Incan Empire in Peru (Cartwright). Currently, the Incan Empire is the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and in the world (Cartwright). After conquering the area from the Chanca, the Incas established and named Cuzco accordingly, because the term either originated from qosqo meaning ‘dried-up lake bed’ or cozco for a specific stone marker in the city (Cartwright). Cuzco assures its visitors a wonderful experience, because it has a multitude of extravagant buildings and palaces. The Incans strategically designed their affluent city in the best geographical area possible. For instance, the city is advantageously shaped in the form of a puma, and it is composed of four highways for safe,

The Moche civilization was a pre-Inca culture, settled on the north coast of Peru, also knowing as a Mochicas culture. (Historia Universal, 2011). Moche culture were recognized as “Los maestros artesanos" meaning "The master craftsmen" and "grandes constructores de ciudades" meaning “The great builders of cities," because their great skills to create beautiful pottery describing the daily life, religious and beliefs. (Historia Universal, 2011). Todays days what we have of the Moche culture is the value anthropological work display in some of the Peruvian Museum because this ancient group disappearance around 600 to 700 years is unknown, but could have been started by a drought of 30 years in the late sixth century followed by a

In this article written by Miner, he describes the tribe of the Nacirema vividly and descriptively. The Nacirema are a tribe known for only twenty years. When they were discovered there was almost no information

The ancient civilization of Nazca is long disappeared and has granted one of the most significant legacies of ancient Peruvian culture. The Nazca has not only etched their mark into the surface of the Nazca Desert but they left a mark that continues to intrigue scientists and modern society in the present day. Actually, the Nazca left behind thousands of marks in the forms of various shapes, designs, mythological creatures, and a variety of intricate geometric lines. It is evident that the popularity of the Nazca Lines continues to gain momentum as the previous lines are studied and awed over as well as the new geoglyphs are still being discovered at this present time.

The pre-Columbian Nahuas were agricultural people; their staple crops are corn, beans, chili peppers, tomatoes, and squash. Their staple livestock were chickens and turkeys. Settlements consist of central villages divided into four sections grouped around a central church. Weaving of cotton and wool is the chief craft among the Nahua, whose skill is great in this respect. Pottery, rope making, palm-fiber weaving, and adobe brickmaking are other crafts that were mastered. Evidence suggests that the Nahuas originally came from the deserts of northern Mexico and migrated into central Mexico in several waves. Before the Nahuas entered Mesoamerica, they were probably living for a while in northwestern Mexico alongside the Cora and Huichol peoples.

The Nasca lived in small communities along river valleys which were cultivated for agriculture. This is one of the driest landscapes in the world, averaging only .3 millimeters of rainfall each year. They engineered puquios which are petit canals lined with stone for irrigation, allowing for an arid sand dune environment to have controlled pockets of green. The civilization depended on agriculture for their “sustenance economy,” and had a preference for maize. Another aspect of Nasca economy was ceramic production.

The Incan Indians started as a small tribe in South America in pre- Columbian times. According to Lin Donn, author on the website, Inca Empire for Kids Quick History, “The Inca empire started as a small tribe who lived in the village of Cuzco, high in the Andes Mountains of South America. One day, another tribe tried to conquer them. Thanks to

From three thousand BC to one thousand two hundred BC, this mighty nation lived. In Peru, near the city of Lima, scientists discovered a city. A sunken plaza, a big amphitheater, a city in ruins. Sadly, they disappeared. One of the skeletons they found, was a woman. By what the scientists could tell, she had a high status, and, based on what they found in the grave, this civilization practiced equality between men and women. I welcome you, to the oldest civilization, Norte Chico.

The Inca culture is a society that is considered to be based upon states. States are defined as large populations that consist of more complex and larger areas. The society is organized into ruling elites, bureaucracy and commoners, allowing for management of people. As such, there is unequal access to resources.

Inca civilization began in the high plateaus of the Andes Mountains. The civilization grew slowly until Pachacuti took the throne in 1438. He conquered all of Peru and more. The Inca were able to do this because they had a strong military and they were good diplomats. The Inca only used force when it was absolutely necessary. They prefered to have enemy civilizations surrender. If an enemy civilization did surrender, the Inca would let them keep local customs and rituals in exchange for their loyalty to the Inca Empire. Many people gave up to the Inca without resisting, and the Inca found loyalty of conquered people to be vital to the development of their civilization. To govern their civilization, the Inca used a bureaucracy. They also imposed a single language to create unity amongst their empire. They created schools to teach Incan ways to other cultures within their empire. This influenced the children of the conquered people to support the Incan Empire. The Inca would also build cities in areas to show their control and power. The Inca were able to build roads, cities, and schools because every man in the Incan Empire had to complete tax in the form of labor, called Mita. This labor also allowed the government to support the sick and poor and save extra food in case of a bad harvest. The Inca had a very advanced road system which allowed for faster communication and transportation of goods. The road system was a 14,000 mile long network. Some of the

Culture is the aquired knowledge that people use to interpret, experience, and generate social behavior.

Just imagine, there is nothing left to look at. Scientists have taken every artifact to research, disturbed those who lost their lives, and destroyed our Earth. Is this how you want to find out more about history? That's why scientists should keep artifacts where they found them. Instances where Peru has felt incomplete without artifacts, destruction of the RMS Titanic, and places in Iraq are being ruined from archeological sites are just a few examples of the harmful effects archeologists have put on humankind.

In ancient North and South America there were many civilizations that had to depend on the environment to survive. To make a civilization during the time successful you had to have a good food supply, a temperature controlled environment, and a home to live in. A lot of people at the time had to adapt to their surrounding environment by using certain tools and other things to make sure they can survive. Different climates had a big impact on certain civilizations. So those civilizations had to find ways around those barriers.