The Pathology and Characterisics of Clostridium tetani Essay

There is approximately 1,000 infants die each year as a direct result of the DTP vaccine. Approximately 35,000 acute neurological reactions occur within 48 hours of the shot. (www.tuberose.com). Doctors, FDA, and CDC are all telling us the vaccines are safe, but are they really. I visited a site called the Tragedy of Vaccinations and in this site it had pictures and a list of names of children who had a severe reaction to vaccinations, first on the list was a boy name Chris- Christopher died 21 hours after receiving his first DPT and OPV vaccination at two months of age. Second, Ashley- 72 hours after receiving her 4th DPT and OPV and HIB, she was hospitalized with encephalitis and kidney failure, she is severely mentally and physically handicapped. Third Richell- 10 hours after her 3rd DPT and OPV she suffered a grand mal seizure, she is now mentally and physically handicapped (www.yourlifesource.com) and the list went on. These are only a few of the thousands of children who suffer from mental and physical handicaps and who have died from these so called routine vaccinations. I would guarantee you that the parents of these children would argue that vaccinations are not safe by any means.

The vaccinations of children are a cornerstone of the United States public health measures to protect people from a host of infectious diseases and possible death. Vaccines are beneficial to the greater good of the public health including your own as well as being a cost effective way to manage infectious diseases. Diseases that used to be common throughout this country and around the world can now be prevented by vaccination. These diseases include polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, rubella, mumps, tetanus, rotavirus, and haemophilus influenza type b (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).

Clostridia: rod-shaped, obligate anaerobes, some form endospores, produce potent toxins that cause a variety of diseases in humans. Important in medicine & industry (Botox & oral plaque). Examples of clostridia include C. tetani (cause tetanus), C. perfringens ( causes gangrene), C. botulinum ( causes botulism) and C. difficle (severe diarrhea). Microbes related to Clostridium include: Epulopiscium - a giant bacterium that can be seen without a microscope; Some clostridia are sulfate-reducing microbes – they produce H2S from elemental sulfur during anaerobic respiration; and Selenomonas – a Vibrio-shaped bacteria, live as part of the biofilm (plaque) on teeth of warm-blooded animals. Selenomonas is unusual because even though it has a typical gram-positive RNA sequence, it has a negative Gram reaction – stains pink.

Clostridium difficile, also known as C. diff, is a bacterium that causes severe symptoms, including inflammation of the colon, which can be life threatening (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). It is a very common infection that affects hundreds of thousands in the United States alone. If not caught and treated early, it can be deadly. I kills thousands of people in the United States every year (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). It is extremely important to learn the signs and symptoms of this infection so treatment can begin as early as possible.

There are several diseases around the world that have not gone away in the last few decades. For instance, HIV, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and more commonly, the Flu, and Measles are deadly diseases that still exist today. However, getting vaccinated will help fight off the disease as the vaccine releases antibodies into your bloodstream. Experts from MedlinePlus say that Pertussis, Diphtheria, and Tetanus are caused by bacteria. Diphtheria and pertussis can be spread to people from coughing and sneezing. Tetanus enters through cut and wounds. Also according to MedlinePlus, “Before vaccines, as many as 200,000 cases a year of diphtheria, 200,000 cases of pertussis, and hundreds of cases of tetanus, were reported in the United States each

Clostridium difficile was discovered and isolated from neonates in 1935. It was initially considered a component of the fecal flora of newborns and not thought to be pathogenic (Keessen, Gaastra, & Lipman, 2010). The history of C. diff and other antibiotic resistant pathogens are closely related with the history of antibiotics. The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin by Alexander Fleming while working with Staphylococcus. With this discovery, a surge of natural and synthetic drugs was discovered to treat bacterial infections. During the 1970s, clindamycin and cephalosporins were highly used as an effective antibiotic against bacterial infection but at the same time disrupted the normal, healthy bowel flora, allowing C.

Evident within this statistic that states ‘The DTaP vaccine can cause seizures in 1 in 14,000 people, and acute encephalitis (brain swelling) in 11 in 1 million. But the diseases it prevents (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) are fatal in 1 in 20 cases, 1 in 10 cases, and 1 in 1,500 cases, respectively.’ (Heyworth, 2014). This proves the necessity of vaccinations and their importance in reducing child mortality rates. The primary concern of vaccine opponents is the contraction of any of the severe side effects previously mentioned. Opponents campaign the severity of the side effects: often the basis of their decision to contest vaccines. The reoccurring argument Anti-vaccine individuals present is the diagnosis of autism subsequent to vaccinations, an argument sourced from an Andrew Wakefield article (ABC Science, 2015). The credibility and accuracy of the article was ridiculed consequently it was later declared fraudulent: the author was reprimanded whilst his medical licence was disposed of. The inoculation of children creates the positive proliferation of life, providing immunity to fatal diseases whilst protecting individuals unable to be vaccinated. To logically decide to oppose vaccinations, accurate medical evidence should be analysed and the risks

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). "Tetanus". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (CDC, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (pdf). Washington, D.C: Public Health Foundation.

The increase in pertussis incidences and morality may include diminished immunity, as childhood pertussis vaccine does not provide lifelong immunity.4 Tdap booster shot at 11 or 12 years old and expected mothers in their third trimester should be given to continue their protective antibodies and those that would be passed to the infant.4 Also, the increased in pertussis may be a decreased usage of the pertussis vaccine, increased doctor awareness and public health reporting.

“In California has already sickened more than 5,270 infants and killed nine, in 2010, the highest record since 1955.” (Steven Reinberg, HealthDay 2010) CDC recommends that, “all adults 18-64 in contact with infants or working in health care receive a TDap within two years of their last tetanus vaccination, and that other adults in the same age range be offered the vaccine 10 years or more after their last tetanus shot.” (CDC, 2011)

Clostridim difficile was first isolated in1935 by George and his colleagues from a stool found in a healthy infant by the name of Hall and O’Toole (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). Yet in 1978, C.difficile was known to be associated as disease in human’s antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). It is 2 types of C. difficile: one that exists in spore form and the other in vegetative form. Depending on the type of form it exist in, allows it to grow in a certain environment. It is also a gram positive rod bacterium. When Clostridim difficile exist in a spore form, it can live in harsh conditions and in common sterilization techniques (Heinlen and Ballard, 2010). When C. difficile exist in spore form, it will be resistant to temperature

This schedule is designed to protect children at their most vulnerable states. If a parent chooses to give some vaccines to their child and not others, theses vaccines may not be beneficial anymore and could actually increase the chances of contracting diseases. These vaccines protect children and others from a multiplicity of ailments. The vaccines can protect someone from chickenpox, measles, pertussis, polio, rotavirus, and many more diseases. These ailments can often be life threatening, especially with a child of a young.3 It has been shown that when infants don’t receive the DTap vaccination their immunity to pertussis disease is decreased. Consequently, these children have a 19-fold to 28-fold chance of becoming infected with pertussis bacteria. This can cause brain damage, respiratory failure, or even death.4 In 2012 and 2013 the highest levels of pertussis were reported since 1955. A report from the CDC estimate that there were about 1.4 cases of pertussis per 1000 infants younger than 6 months old between the years 2012 and 2013. Out of 5351 cases of pertussis in children under 7 years old, 40 % of them either did not receive the pertusiss vaccination, or did not report being vaccinated.7

Introduction Tetanus, also known as lock-jaw, is a deadly bacterial Tetanus Painting breathing disease that causes muscle spasms an problems. It is uncommon in Australia because of the widely spread use of tetanus vaccines. The bacteria that infects the body and wound is known as Clos uces toxins that affect the and it prod Tridium Tetan nervous system. All wounds that aren't clean, minor cuts are considered Tetanus prone if the victim hasn't immunised in the last five years. The best prevention is immunisation. One in ten people infecte with tetanus will die How? Tetanus occurs when the bacterium enters the body through an open wound and attacks the nervous system. It effects the neck and face before moving, effecting the entire body.The bacteria

“Some complications that may result from tetanus include, Airway obstruction, Respiratory arrest, heart failure, and Pneumonia” (Medlineplus tetanus). People can also get lockjaw, which is stiffness of the jaw, which results in a serious effect to the body. If tetanus gets in the body, it can result in damage to the brain, because of the lack of oxygen getting to the brain. Back muscle spasms, are also common, and they can lead arching of the back, and fractures. Also swallowing difficulty and excessive sweating may result from this. Contraction of the facial muscles also occurs, if tetanus gets in the body, which means the face is not formed correctly (Massachusetts General

Tdap vaccine protects against 3 serious diseases: tetanus (lockjaw), diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). Preteens should get this vaccine at ages 11 – 12.