The Physics Of The Universe Beyond Earth

The Scientific Revolution brought a new way of thinking about the universe, and brought an end to Europe’s medieval past. Many scientists have devoted their lives to creating new ideas about the physical universe. These scientists created the assumption that the universe and nature are governed by mathematical laws. Each of the three scientists, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton contributed to the breakdown of the medieval world view. Nicolaus Copernicus thought past the idea of a geocentric universe, and established the idea of a heliocentric theory, or a sun-centered universe. Johannes Kepler presented the idea of an ellipse, otherwise known as the planets following an oval shaped orbit, and not a perfect circle. Finally,

In “Towards a New Heaven: Revolution in Astronomy,” some of the greatest achievements of the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth century were dominated by medicine, mechanics, and astronomers. Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton were some of the brilliant individuals that magnified the revolutionary astronomy. These astronomers challenged the conception and beliefs through the nature of the external world.

Until Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets in our solar system orbit our sun, this is known as heliocentric. At the same time Kepler was making these detailed recordings Galileo Galilei improved the design and magnification of the telescope. With this improvement Galileo was able to see and record the craters of the moon, phases of Venus, the moons of Jupiter, and sunspots. Along with these discoveries he was also able to theorize that light takes a certain amount of time to travel from one spot to the next as either a wave or a particle, traveling in a measurable uniform speed. Another very significant discovery he proposed was that all objects, no matter the size, density, or shape, fall at the same rate of acceleration. With the inspiration of Galileos discoveries, Kepler was able to design a telescope that would become standard in astronomical

Nicolaus Copernicus was just an infant, but would soon be an important reason for why we know the way our universe works. For many, many years before Nicolaus, the human population was lead to believe that the Earth was the center of the universe. After all, God was the one who created it, so it seemed logical to believe such a thing. However, Copernicus had been studying the ways of the universe and believed that the sun was at the center, not the earth. Also, based off of experiment and studying, he believed that all celestial bodies rotate around the sun.

Astronomy, the branch of science which studies space, celestial objects, and the physical universe as a whole, is the eldest of all natural sciences with the documented history dating back to the beginning of ancient civilizations. The use of astronomy originated in the Middle East as the theological foundation of their civilizations, however, it quickly became common across many cultures in several continents partially due to its wide range of interpretations and that the sky and specifically the sun have major implications on all beings regardless of location. One region where the use of astronomy became particularly prominent was in Mesoamerica.

Suddenly, there were new views on astrology and mathematics that are still relevant today. Copernicus was a Polish astronomer that began to change the whole view of the world and argued the heliocentric idea that the sun was the center of

Nicolas Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer who formulated the heliocentric theory of the solar system, designed primarily by Aristarchus of Samos.

Galileo Galilei was the first person to use the telescope to observe systematically celestial objects.

Nicholas Copernicus is considered one of the founders of modern astronomy. His discovery's led him to the conclusion that the Earth rotates on its axis and that it, like the other planets, revolves around the sun. His discovery's influenced scientists and astrologers that came after him, such as Galileo, Newton and Kepler.

Ptolemy thought that Earth was the center of the universe, later on Copernicus found out that the planets and sun revolve around the Sun. Hans Lippershey was the man who built a device that helped Stargazers find 3 new planets: Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Pluto now is not considered a planet by the Stargazers because of its size and mass. These planets and others have meanings behind their name that relate to Greek and Latin Mythology:

Throughout history astronomers have contributed knowledge to understand the holistic picture of our universe. During 140 AD Claudius Ptolemy used geography to determine the position of planets, stars, and the sun. He finally concluded that our sun orbited earth basing his evidence with Aristotle’s philosophy of the universe. This theory was used for one thousand years because it integrated with society’s standards, yet Nicolaus Copernicus disproved this concept and published his new idea in 1544. Times where difficult to shed light on important matters which contradicted the population’s idea, Copernicus was extremely vigilant as he did not want to stir a riot and be punished for sharing the truth, so as I mentioned he published his work a

Galileo Galilei built a telescope in 1609, and he studied the night sky, observing the earthlike features of the Moon, moons orbiting Jupiter, and sun spots. He published his work, which later earned him a trial by the church and a house arrest for life. “According to a story that began to circulate shortly afterward, as he left the court for house arrest he stamped his foot and muttered defiantly, looking down at the earth: Still, it moves” (page 530, Chapter 16). Francis Bacon and René Descartes established standards of practice and scientific evidence, and they were true believers in human thinking. Physician, William Harvey contributed to science by observing dissected living animals and experimented on himself that the blood circulates in our bodies through veins, heart, and arteries. Inventor and experimenter Robert Hooke introduced microscope into the laboratory and studied the structure of plants on the cellular level. Isaac Newton gave us laws of motion, universal gravity, the reflecting telescope, optic theories,

== == == = Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer, and his explanation about how the solar system moves around the sun became the groundwork of modern astronomy.

In 1609, Galileo Galilei, using “spyglass” which allowed one to see things closer than they appeared, made an early version of the telescope. With it, he observed the skies in a way no one had before. He discovered the moon isn’t perfectly globular, it has craters, the Sun has sunspots, Venus orbits the Sun (contrary to widespread belief in his time), and then he observed four “stars” around Jupiter (“Our Solar System”). Within

Astronomy is “the science which deals with the universe beyond the earth's atmosphere, comprising the study of celestial objects and extraterrestrial phenomena, and of the nature and history of the universe” (OED). James Ferguson Wrote the “astronomy is acknowledged to be, and undoubtedly is…the most useful. For, by knowledge derived from this science…the bulk of earth is discovered” In the field of astronomy none are arguably more