The Poison of Physostigmine Essay

How does Temazepam work, and what are the indications for its prescription? What are the onset, duration and peak of the drug?

Lawrence, A. T. (2008). Business and Society. In B. Gordon (Ed.), Ventria Bioscience and the Controversy over Plant-Made Medicines (Vol. Thirteenth Edition, p. 500). New York, NY: MMcGraw-Hill Irwin.

and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao

So he made a formula for the what is now called “Grove’s Tasteless Chill Tonic.” It was used as an antimalarial

Ayahuasca was reported as the work of the devil since nobody really knows where it came or since when they have been using it. The earliest Europeans to mention Ayahuasca were Jesuits who traveled to the Amazon. The earliest reports of the “diabolical potion,” was written in 1737, which was described as an intoxicating potion called ayahuasca. Several other explorers of northwestern South America also referred ayahuasca, as yage or caapi. The serious scientific study of ayahuasca began in 1850s when Richard Spruce, a British school teacher who was an early explorer, made a journey into the Amazon. In 1851, he observed the use of Yage up in the Rio Negro of the Brazilian Amazon among the Tukano Indians. He collected samples of Banisteriopsis

Massengill, to speak with the head chemist Harold Watkins. According to Paul Collins, Watkins, “lacked any formal qualifications and had had a previous run-in with the law over a weight-loss drug” (Collins, 2004). This goes to show the lack of regulation in the pharmaceutical practice during this time. Although the proof was there, Harold Watkins refused to admit the toxic solution was lethal, therefore, to prove his point he drank some of it himself. One day later, the American Medical Association (AMA) received a telegram from Massengill saying that Harold Watkins had fallen ill. After this telegram, the FDA knew the cause of the deaths and knew that they had to get it off the market, however this would prove to be difficult (“Sulfanilamide disaster,” n.d.). While Watkins did survive the dose of sulfanilamide that he had taken, he eventually took his own life presumably as an admission of guilt. The investigation then focused on finding out what was causing this horrible reaction from the medicine. The FDA and the AMA arranged for testing at the University of Chicago by pharmacist Eugene Geiling and his graduate assistant Frances Kelsey to figure out if the combination of DEG (diethylene glycol) with the sulfa was causing the reaction. They quickly confirmed that it was the pure DEG that was the poisonous factor in the mixture. DEG and its similar cousin ethylene glycol

Albert Hofmann first synthesized LSD-25 at Sandoz laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, in 1938 (The History of LSD). Hofmann’s studies had shifted to ergot, which is a fungus that grows on rye, hoping to obtain an analeptic, a circulatory and respiratory stimulant (LSD: Cultural Revolution and Medical Advances). Pharmacologists had no interest in the new substance,and

At the start of the war, soldiers used sulphonamide drugs which was nicknamed sulfa. Gerhard Domagk discovered sulphanilamide in 1935. Domagk found that by changing the chemical compound of the drug prontosil, the product could kill and reduce the growth of bacteria. Each soldier was issued with a sulfa powdered dressing, some sulfa powder and 8 sulfa tablets. They were also given training on how to

Galen’s medical research was only directed and focused towards animal anatomy, with his observations on animal bodies. Furthermore, his research results in irrelevance and ineffectiveness for the human body. The Renaissance period was an important historical event, as within this time, many new and exciting discoveries were made. Islamic physicians shared their understanding of anatomy and their herbal remedies in which other physicians added to, which resulted in better, more effective cures. Asia brought cures too, such as Quinine, which is used as a preparation in the treatment of Malaria and it comes from the bark of Quina Trees. Another example of anatomical research from Asia is Laudanum, which is based on opium. Laudanum, was used a painkiller in which the use of, spread quickly. Paracelsus, a Swiss-German physician discovered a cure for the deadly disease Syphilis. His cure involved taking measured doses of mercury compounds internally. Another key person in the medical developments of the Renaissance period was William Harvey, an English physician. He was the first person to understand the whole system of blood circulation in the human

and strychnine in the middle of the 19th century and dye and chemical companies that

Rewind nine years: Albert Hofman has just finished the experiments for his doctoral degree, at the age of 23. He began work as a natural products chemist in Basel. He worked on ergot alkaloids, substances produced by the ergot fungus that infects grain. These substances occur naturally, making studying them less expensive. Ergot extracts had been used for hundreds of years by midwifes to stop

This drug was discovered when Leo Sternbach was told to create a drug that was safer than the drugs used at that time. The drugs that were not very safe were barbiturates and meprobamate. Leo Sternbach created 40 different drugs but they did not have an effect on animals. Then after a while he decided to make one of the drugs better. Then he put it on a shelf and then it was forgotten about for a while.

Belladonna grows in the shades of Europe during the spring. With visually appetizing berries and deep purple flowers, the plant itself is beautiful. When crushed the berries emit a foul odor, similar to decay—the first sign that something about this plant is not as pretty as it seems. (Grieve, 1971) If a full grown man was to consume 10- 20 berries or one of the more potent leaves, a poisonous compound referred tropane alkaloids will begin to make the user feel the onsets of fever and hallucinations. In higher doses, Belladonna will lead to vomiting, coma and eventually death by respiratory failure. (Casken, et al. 2003) Although the plant is beautiful, it is its effect on the body that has elevated it to international acclaim and brought about the attentions of artists, witches and schemers alike.

The Daffodil or Lent Lilly (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. of the Liliaceous family) is a flowering plant that originates from “southern Europe, Asia, and North Africa” (Enna and Norton). By tradition the Daffodil was used for inducing vomiting, topically for joint pain, and for hysteria and epilepsy (Enna and Norton). As medical and plant sciences have progressed, Galantamine an alkaloid produced by the Daffodil has been researched for its interactions with the nervous system in reliving the symptoms of Alzheimer’s (New Drugs). While Daffodil’s medical benefits are just starting to be realized, for its neurological effects and other possible uses it is poisonous to humans. The toxic substances produced by the Daffodil can cause nausea,

Ang gamot na ito ay tunay na natuklasan sa kalagitnaan ng 19 siglo. Ang pruso kemiko Adulf Von Bayer, ay maikredito sa imbensyong pagbibigay ng pangalan sa berbituric acid sa 1863-1864. Ginawa ang acid mula sa isang tambalan ng malonic acid at urea, 1903 na sa mga mag-aaral ng Bayers, kasama ang isa pang Aleman pharmacist, ginawa ang isang bagong tambalan ng barbituric acid at isang diethyl nanggaling. Ang bagong kemikal na ibinigay kalakalang pangalan Veromal, na isang mahusay na gamot na pampaginhawa at Sleeping Aid. Isa pang pananaliksik ay dumating pataas gamit ang bagong barbiturates sa 1920’s at 1930’s.