On the Powers of the Future and Past to Empower the Present
Arthur Schopenhauer’s argument that human beings will not be able to attain true happiness until they break a cycle of suffering is often viewed as a pessimistic account of human nature. Schopenhauer argues that this cycle of suffering in humans is inevitably brought about by anticipation of the future and emotional attachment to the past—both which divert individuals from truly living in the present time. However, in his claims for abandoning these two practices of keeping in mind the future and connecting to the past, Schopenhauer offers no evidence for how living fully in the present, or denying the will, would constitute a life completely void of suffering; he does not account for how anticipation of the future and remembrance of the past may be natural to humans, how such emotional practices can actually contribute to an individual’s happiness in the present, and how thus removing these practices could in return bring about more suffering.
Schopenhauer acknowledges that the past directly affects events in the present but at the same time expects humans to be indifferent to how the events of their pasts played out in order to truly live in this present: “Therefore, [the past] must be, as a matter of reason, indifferent to him whether the content of that past was pain or pleasure” (Schopenhauer 401). Schopenhauer’s assumption is that letting go of the emotions associated with the past is one step towards the
The American Revolutionary war began in-part because of economic struggles England faced after securing safety for it’s colonies during the Seven Years War. England needed to increase their taxation on the colonists after the war to pay off its war debts. Prior to these taxes, the colonies were wholly content while under the wing of the British Empire. Not only because the protection the British provided, but also because of their deep reverence for the Motherland. Colonists were angered by with Parliament due to their lack of acknowledgement towards colonists rights and opinions. Colonists stood together in a defiant motion towards liberation from England’s tyrannous acts of lawless duplicity. Before British government was able to fully
On the contrary, Schopenhauer perceives that the absurdity of life is more limited than Camus because the absurdity of the human existence comes from intellect. Moreover, the more intellectual one is, the more capable they are of realizing the inherent absurdity of human existence (Guigon, 2001). Thus, according to Schopenhauer, the more intellectually-inclined person is the one who suffers the most from mere existence. Taking this one step further, it can be argued that those of higher intellectual abilities are more likely to commit suicide as they understand the philosophy behind the act (Schopenhauer, 1966). Furthermore, Schopenhauer claims that, “At best we might see our way through the absurdity, and achieve peace by denying the Will and the futile desires that are its most immediate manifestations.” (Solomon, 1988) Schopenhauer acknowledged that the Will is absurd and therefore it should be denied. Schopenhauer saw the human Will as a window to the world behind the representation, which he defined as thing-in-itself. According to Schopenhauer, the entire world is the representation of a single Will, of which the individual Wills are phenomena. Schopenhauer states: “The world as idea is a mirror which reflects the Will. In this mirror the will recognizes itself in ascending grades
Suffering. All of us have encountered suffering and many of us wish we never would have to again; however, what many people do not see is that since we have suffering, we have happiness. One can not exist without the other. Without this feeling of suffering or unhappiness, we would not be able to understand happiness or even know it as a pleasant feeling, since we would never have experienced a life of unhappiness. Journalist David Brooks in “What Suffering Does” and Buddhist Monk Matthieu Ricard in “The Alchemy of Suffering” gave their own input upon the relationship between suffering and happiness. They seem to mention how every person endures suffering, but what is important is not the suffering itself, but the way a person changes or reacts to the suffering. While one may hate suffering, we have to understand that one can not be happy without having suffered. The characterization of emotional suffering as “rewarding” to people fails to account for individuals who have undergone the death of their spouse and have come out of it a changed person. In fact, in the 21st century, pervasive media advertising through television advances western cultural expectations of “perfection”, that in part advance suffering.
There is but one thing that no one can ever have enough of. Admittedly, there are various substitutions that can suffice as satisfactory for one’s happiness. Yet, there is an exception that creeps and remains ubiquitously unseen and incessantly yearned for. As Zora Neale Hurston, author of Their Eyes Were Watching God, puts it, there are “ships at a distance [that] have every man’s wish on board.” Indeed, these desires ride a boat which sails on, perhaps, the ocean of time. There are those who are fortunate and whose ships “come in with the tide,” relying on the chance that their aspirations come in miraculously from the vast ocean or window of opportunity. There are also those who are unfortunate and whose ships “sail forever on the
It is hope, he writes, that brought settlers to North America, that helped the first people avoid freezing in the Ice Age, and helped some survive the Holocaust. In history, Watkins emphasizes, one finds stories of people continuously succeeding in the face of hardship, stories that can help one maintain an optimistic mindset. Hope and optimism, once learned, can be as the essay suggests, “a shield against fate and it’s consequences” and the fuel one needs to keep going into the future, with the belief that everything will turn out
David A. Kirsch examines the manufacture of storage batteries for the electric vehicle, which was manufactured by various companies. As these companies rushed towards the manufacturing process of the vehicle, the development of its storage batteries was one of major troubles in the initial stages of the production process. These companies neglected improvements of the storage battery by failure to transform any of their previously renowned characteristics. This was despite expectations by early electric vehicle enthusiasts of a revolutionary discovery in energy storage technology. The expectations were based on the fact that engineers in the second half of the 19th Century had experienced several technological revolutions. Regardless of incremental technological changes that have relatively enhanced the capability of the ordinary electric vehicle, the expectations were never fulfilled, especially those for better storage battery. Even though there was significant progress in technologies used to manufacture the electric vehicle system, none of these technologies were able to meet the expectations.
not truly live until they find pure, unabashed happiness, no matter the risks. Before I read “Into the Wild” by Jon Krakauer just mere months ago, I admittedly had a far dissimilar opinion on the mooth’s philosophy. But, as I read through the book, I began to have a change of mind. Throughout my fourteen years on this Earth, I’ve known and encountered a vast majority of people that have made a routine of life, myself included. We all do the same things over and over again, day after day, hoping that life will walk up to us, take our hands, and lead us straight toward happiness. This rarely, if ever occurs. In reality, we’re left waiting out our lives, wishing and dreaming about something that might present meaning; something that could provide contentment in our lives. We all have a tendency to put off searching for life’s happiness, whether or not we actually recognize it depends on our
The Time Machine by H.G. Wells is considered a “classic” in today’s literary community. I also believe that this novel is a good book. It was an interesting story the first time I studied it, and I have found new ideas each time I have read it since. It is amazing that such a simple narrative could have so many complex ideas. Unfortunately, some do not take the same position that I do. They cast it off as a silly little novel that deserves no merit. Obviously I disagree with these critics. The Time Machine follows the criteria that I believe a good novel should have. A good novel should include an element of fantasy and should stimulate ideas in the audience that they never came to realize before.
In addition, both touch on the topic of absolute happiness and its connection to existentialism, both sharing a somewhat grim look on the subject matter. First of all, absolute happiness “implies total and all consuming happiness. You are nothing but happy all the time, and as such have no understanding of other counter feelings.”[1],
In “On The Sufferings of the World,” Arthur Schopenhauer has a pessimistic outlook on life. He believes that suffering is a part of life and that without suffering, the world would be an even more miserable place. As many people may assume, life gets better as you grow older. Schopenhauer however disagrees with this statement and claims that life continually deteriorates. Before reading this piece I strongly believed that I was an optimist. I always like to see the bright side of situations but, Schopenhauer really gave me a different outlook on life, a pessimistic view, and I surprisingly agreed with many of his ideas. Although this is true, at the end of the reading, I disagreed with more ideas than not. Therefore, I do not think that Schopenhauer’s account on life is a good proposal to live by because not everyone is continuously miserable in their life and it is perfectly reasonable to have a positive outlook on life.
So, Freud speculates on the conjecture that our universe or our world was created in such a way, that we are not be able to live happily for a prolonged time (Farrell 11). He introduces the Principle of Reality, the negative way of achieving happiness, when man strives to avoid
In an ironic way, the optimism of the vast majority is the greatest inhibitor of satisfaction. Both the future and the past are born of the present mind; the now is interminable. For some reason, humanity seems to possess an unwavering insistence on running, so to speak, to an illusory end that is really nothing more than a product of momentary dissatisfaction.
The Time Machine As I understand it, Darwin in his book ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES published in 1865, argues that natural selection leads to adaptive improvement. Or even, if evolution isn't under the influence of natural selection, this could still lead to divergence and diversity. At one time, there was a single ultimate ancestor, and from this, hundreds of millions of separate individual species evolved. This process where one species splits into two different species is called speciation. Subsequent divergence leads to a wider separation of taxonomic units, the genera, the families, the orders, the classes, etc.
H.G. Wells's Presentation of Future in The Time Machine When Wells was writing "The Time Machine" in 1895 England was a country where society consisted of several classes. These were mainly the middle classes, these were the people who ran factories and had a lot of wealth. The other class was working class, the people who worked in factories and mines. Also there were a huge number of factories and mines.
As Emerson perceived the world, “Man postpones or remembers; he does not live in the present, but with reverted eye laments the past, or, heedless of the riches that surround him, stands on tiptoes to foresee the future. He cannot be happy and strong until he too lives with nature in the present, above time” (“Self-Reliance” 833-834). Even if a man finds himself with both self-trust and originality, he may never realize his true potential if he is preoccupied with past events or future fortunes. Emerson finds these obsessions to be utterly useless: “Discontent is the want of self-reliance; it is the infirmity of will. Regret calamities, if you can thereby help the sufferer; if not, attend to your own work, and already the evil begins to be repaired” (838). In contemporary society, a willingness to “live in the moment” is highly regarded, especially among youth, yet this acceptance seems to wane with age. Nevertheless, excessive anxiousness and nostalgia are a waste of the potential that can be realized when the truths of the present are