The Pros And Cons Of Lead And Acid Battery

Lithium-ion batteries are becoming more common in portable electronic devices due to their high-energy density, lack of memory effect, and high charge and discharge rate capabilities. Research and development work is ongoing to improve safety and increase capacity, charge/discharge rate, and lifetime. Demand for electric vehicle batteries is currently small, but it is expected to grow very quickly. China, Japan, South Korea, France, and the United States are the major lithium-ion battery manufacturers for hybrid and electric vehicle applications.

Lead is a natural element that can be found throughout our environment and in small amounts in the Earth’s crust (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2016). Lead is a corrosion resistant, malleable, bluish white metal that has been used throughout history. The Romans, for example, used lead to fashion pots for cooking, water pipes, and aqueducts (International Lead Association, 2016a). In today’s world lead is used to protect underwater cables from corrosion and provides excellent protection from radiation due to its high density. Currently, it is used in hospitals and dentists offices to provide protection from X-ray radiation. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used to store energy from wind turbines, solar panels for later use. These batteries are also used to power our cars and trucks and provide power for hospitals and emergency services during blackouts (International Lead Association, 2016b). Lead-acid batteries are the primary use of lead in the United States (Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], n.d.).

The reaction of lead and lead oxide with the sulfuric acid electrolyte produces a voltage. The supplying of energy to and external resistance the battery. When a lead acid battery cell produces energy, it converts chemical energy into electrical energy. During this process, Lead is oxidised at the anode according to this equation:

Combustion is the reaction that occurs when a fuel such as wood is burned when oxygen is present to give off carbon dioxide, water and energy. Other materials that combust are fossil fuels, natural gas, oil, coal, paper and plastic. Combustion occurs so chemical energy can be converted into different forms of energy e.g. heat. The burning of biomass e.g. wood and other organic materials transfers large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere and the

Alkaline batteries are usually used for flashlights and headphones. Lead-acid are usually used for cars and some of the older generations of this battery contains liquid electrolyte in an open container. It must be kept upright of make sure that the dispersion of hydrogen gas is safe if undergoing overcharging. The lead-acid battery is incredibly heavy on comparison to the amount of energy that is given off. Closed valve-regulated lead-acid battery, is also commonly used in modern cars. Two types of these closed batteries can be found: Gel batteries and Absorbed Glass

The growing generation, who has a propensity to eat junk food, ill-timed intake, invariably night owls, is subjected to severe acidity problem. Why is it so, to understand this better, let look into the working of batteries, they are often classified by the type of electrolyte used in their construction? Acid-based batteries often use sulfuric acid as the major component of the electrolyte. Alkaline batteries typically use sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the main component of the electrolyte. The life time of acid based batteries are shorter. Alkaline batteries last longer and can perform much better than acid batteries. The same can be applied to human

Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds on earth. They are used in toiletries, pharmaceuticals and fuels and are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds (Chemguide.co.uk, 2015). All alcohols vary in their degree of When fuels are burnt a combustion reaction takes place (bbc.co.uk, 2014). A combustion reaction is a type of oxidation reaction which is generally exothermic. Exothermic reactions result in the release of thermal and radiant energy. A combustion reaction occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water (www.thoughtco.com, 2017). The energy released as heat during a reaction is the difference between that which is stored in the bonds of the molecules of the alcohol and

The batteries are made from metals like cobalt, lithium, and nickel. The nickel is mined at a damaging mine in Ontario (Demorro, NCPA 2007) and some of the other metals can come from unstable countries around the world, says Anderson in “5 Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid.” He also mentions that increasing dependence on, well, undependable countries couldn’t help us. Not to mention, all of these materials are destructive to the environment to mine.

With the advancing future electric cars are becoming more popular. Electric cars are said to be pollution free and one hundred percent environmental friendly. These cars are not the solution to reduce air pollution and global warming in the near future. Electric cars create large amounts of pollution indirectly. This is from the coal-fired power plants used to generate the electricity and the lithium mine sites, which is where the mineral lithium that is used to produce the car’s batteries comes from. These situations cause just as much pollution because they burn some source of fossil fuel to create the energy and extract the minerals.

The combustion of the hydrocarbons and organic molecules found in fuels is a chemical reaction that primarily involves the oxidation of carbon and hydrogen in various compounds to release heat and produce water and carbon dioxide. When the environment lacks sufficient oxygen, rendering oxygen as the limiting reagent in the reaction, incomplete combustion would occur. This involves the production of other chemicals such as carbon monoxide and solid carbon in addition to water and carbon dioxide. The general chemical equations for the incomplete and complete combustion of hydrocarbons are as follows:

The “first true battery” was invented by Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist, in 1800. Batteries are a mass of one or more cells whose chemical reactions create a flow of electrons in a circuit. Batteries contain three basic parts: electrodes, an electrolyte, and a

Lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium; hence the name. Since lithium is an unstable metal, lithium ions must be made through chemicals. Lithium is used because it is the lightest metal with the highest electrochemical potential. Inside these batteries are a positive electrode called the cathode, an anode or the negative electrode and lithium ions. Theses lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive when it’s being used and vice versa when it’s being charged. For the electrodes not to be combined, there is a separator in between the negative and positive electrodes. Another type of battery is a alkaline batteries, which is made out zinc and manganese dioxide. Alkaline batteries works like other batteries. There is a negative electrode, zinc powder, a positive electrode, manganese dioxide, an electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, a separator, and a brass pin. Once the electrolytes are added, a chemical reaction happens when the manganese dioxide oxidizes and allows the zinc and manganese dioxide to combine to form electricity in the battery. Zinc carbon batteries is another type of battery that is made of carbon and zinc. This battery works when the carbon rod, cathode, in the center collects electrons from the anode, shell of the battery that consists of zinc chloride, part of the battery, which creates a circuit. An electrolyte paste made from ammonium chloride surrounds a piece a paper that keeps the electrons moving and causes the battery to produce

This experiment is focused on heat of combustion using hydrocarbons as fuel. All three fuels produce combustion reactions which are exothermic. When bonds are formed or broken the most common form of energy released or taken in is heat energy. Heat of combustion is a way of measuring how much energy is output from a combustion reaction, the energy that is output is usually in the form of heat.

A combustion chemical reaction is when oxygen or O is joined with a different compound in order to form water and carbon dioxide. Combustion reactions release and produce heat meaning it is exothermic. Decomposition reactions are the reverse or complete opposite of a synthesis reaction. In a decomposition reaction a complex molecule is broken down into simpler forms. (9)

An exothermic reaction is one in which there is a release of energy (usually heat) from the system (Ashworth & Little, 2001). In other words, the energy of the system decreases, and thus H is negative. Because heat is being transferred out of the system (i.e., the reaction requires no external energy source), exothermic reactions are self-sustaining (Ashworth & Little, 2001). Notable examples of exothermic reactions include combustion reactions, where oxygen (O2) reacts with another substance, usually to form carbon dioxide and water (CO2 + H2O) (Kung & Lerner, 2014). Combustion can be seen in many facets of everyday life, from wood fires to the engines of many vehicles (the combustion of gasoline has the following chemical equation: 2C8H18 + 25O2 + 2N2 12CO2 + 4CO + 4NO + 18H2O + heat—this illustrates the convention of placing “heat” in a chemical equation, which, if listed as a product, is an indicator of an exothermic reaction; this equation is also an example of incomplete combustion, since an ideal combustion reaction would have no products save carbon dioxide and water; often, the oxygen fueling a combustion reaction is consumed before complete combustion can occur (Lew, 2015)). On a smaller scale, exothermic reactions can be used to create heating devices such as hand warmers, which can be calibrated (by analyzing the change in heat of the chemicals involved in the device) to produce an optimal amount of heat. [SOME MORE]