Many historical and mythological accounts of Graeco-Roman history in the classical period, involved tales of magic, worship of the gods, and emphasised the value society placed on devotion to religion. These societal beliefs and practices became evident in the literature of Greek and Roman societies, where its use, reach, and consequences was illustrated. In the only surviving Roman novel of the 2nd century AD, Apuleius’ Metamorphoses, readers encounter a Greek nobleman, named Lucius, whose insatiable curiosity leads him to explore magic. His over-enthusiasm to intimately experience and learn about magic, accidentally causes his transformation into an ass, causing him to be subjected to a range of vulgar, exploitive, and lustful debaucheries on his path to become human again.
This essay will explore how Lucius’s insatiable curiosity and thirst for forbidden knowledge causes him to become a victim of magic, and how religion delivers him from its dangerous realms. Finally, this essay will comment on the contested approaches to interpreting the final book of the novel.
In Books I-X of the novel, Lucius, the protagonist, is revealed to have an incredible curiosity of forbidden knowledge, and that adds to his determinism to experience magic himself. It is important to consider the contents of this part of the novel, in
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Psyche uses her sight to satisfy her curiosity about what her husband looks like, and by looking what is in Proserpina’s box. Similar to this, Lucius uses his sight to observe Pamphile’s magic, and his hearing to listen to and indulge in stories involving magic. Psyche, however, fell in love with Cupid, but Lucius ultimately only used Photis as a way to satisfy his thirst for magic, and forbidden
Published in the 8th century B.C.E and 1997 respectively, both The Odyssey by Homer and Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J. K. Rowling are universally known arts of literature. The Hero’s Journey is a commonly used trope incorporated in numerous amounts of tales. This trope involves a hero who goes on a journey, finds himself in a crisis, defeats his enemies, and comes home changed. Harry Potter, the main character in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, encounters many conflicts and meets helpful mentors on his adventure. Similarly, Odysseus, the main character in The Odyssey, encounters various monsters and obstacles, too. Both Harry Potter and the
In Ancient Rome, there were an abundant amount of myths that involved the gods and the religions of the Romans. These myths told stories of the gods’ interactions with the humans, which the Romans took seriously. Some examples of these myths were the story of Aeneas and his eventual role in the Trojan War in The Aeneid and the story of Lucius and his transformation into an ass in The Golden Ass. An important text that involved many myths is Metamorphoses, written by Ovid. This epic involved many stories of different gods and different humans and their interactions. The main theme in this epic is the theme of change and transformation, which is the center of most of the myths that are told in the epic. One myth that is significant is of the
The authors writes many different kinds literatures, some literatures are about exploring the world for unknown things, and some literatures are about showing some people’s mind. But the essence of these different kinds literatures are the same that it is people’s desire to learn and know the world. In Apuleius’ The Golden Ass, Lucius shows very interesting after he hears the story about the magic from these two travelers, “Already on tenterhooks, then, as I said, in my hopes and my enthusiasms all at once, I went about sticking my nose into everything I saw, detail by detail.”(The Golden Ass 2:1), and his desire for the unknown power, the magic, push him to get the feeling trip of the magic in his further life in the book. So Lucius’ story is the exploring the world for unknown things. In The Answer/ La Respuesta: Including Sor Filotea’s Letter and New Selected Poems (English and Spanish Edition.), this book is about Sor Juana’s mind, she is very lovely to learn knowledge and she hits back at her church in the literature of disapproval, she embodies the ideological fight for women’s liberation, the requirements of gender equality. Although both The Answer/ La Respuesta: Including Sor Filotea’s Letter and New Selected Poems (English and Spanish Edition.) and The Golden Ass, both of the authors use desire to be the base for their literatures to push the stories developing, especially at the points those can decide the story could be long or short. At the beginning of Apuleius’s The Golden Ass, when Lucius turns in ass, he has many choices to eat fresh flower to help him turn back in the human, but Lucius’s desire for unknown magic stops himself and to watch what can happen in the further. In Sor Juana’s literature, she has the choice to stay in palace and keep far away from the church that against her mind because at 17th century people don’t like women learning knowledge. So both of the two literatures, The Answer/ La
In the works of Greek and Roman literature many aspects of their writings are similar. For example, in both Greek and Roman literature universality is stressed which means that we are only moved by the fall of the heroes in their plays because we can relate to their situations and project ourselves into similar circumstances. I believe that is completely true, only through the fall of our heroes we see ourselves in the characters. Before their downfalls, we don’t see us in them because they seem basically perfect. Since none of us are perfect it is only when they make mistakes leading to their downfall we see that the heroes are like us.
Frye can now anticipate the social function of literature, to be discussed in chapter 6. “What is the use of studying the imagination?” he asks (p. 77). He values literature, first, because of “its encouragement of tolerance” (p. 77), produced by “the power of detachment in the imagination” (p. 78). Once a person like Mark Anthony or Cleopatra becomes a literary character (like the heroes of Shakespeare’s tragedy) we think of them differently. Indeed, literature tends to swallow life. “And the imagination won’t stop until it’s swallowed everything” (p. 80).
* Read, answer questions, and translate Latin stories on Roman religion and astrology 1.1; 2.1; 4.2
In Ovid Metamorphoses, the Roman literature described the ruthless act of Pluto of rape, to seize and carry away Proserpine without the consent of Ceres and in parallel in the Homeric Hymns of Demeter; Persephone was seized and carried away by Hades without the consent of Demeter. The invariant theme that was identified in both the Greek and Roman literature was the loss of innocence of Persephone/Proserpine. Despite the various differences the story was presented, it reinforced the innocence that was stolen from the god of the underworld, Hades or also known as Pluto. Throughout this paper, it will discuss the similar characteristics of the two myths such as the motive that led and encouraged the god of the underworld to kidnap
With this narrative and spirit of historical conundrums in mind, we will examine two primary Ancient Roman sources. The first will be Augustus’s Res Gestae Divi Augusti and the second, Book Ten
As Glome’s farming withered with a lack of rain, Psyche was to be sacrificed to Ungit, the god of beauty yet incredible jealousy. Orual visits the spot at which she was sacrificed and finds her alive but believing that she has been sleeping with a god in a beautiful palace which Orual cannot see. When Orual asks the Fox for advice, he explains; “As I read it, some robber or runaway has found the poor child, half crazed with terror and loneliness, and with thirst too (likely enough), and got her out of her irons” (Lewis 163). This reasonable thought leads Orual to convince Psyche to use a light to look at who she has been sleeping next to, resulting in Psyche being cast out into exile for
Greco-Roman mythology is rich in names, characters, and events. Dozens of gods, goddesses, and mortal women and men participate in a variety of activities that reflect or exemplify behaviors and power relations in Greek and Roman societies. A wealth of literature was written about the relationships between mortals and immortals in Greco-Roman mythology. Much was written and said about the place humans occupy in the complex mythical hierarchies. However, the role and place of women remain the topic of the hot literary debate. In Greco-Roman mythology, the image of woman is always
The classical era was a point during which humanity took a great leap forward in terms of understanding and documenting itself. One work of fiction, the Metamorphoses by Apuleius, has given historians a look into life into the second century C.E. by telling stories that were written in that time period. Works of fiction often provide metaphors and allegories greater societal and ideological trends of the civilizations they occupy, and that is especially true of this text. Apuleius uses the extraordinary anecdotes of one character’s journey to illustrate the complexities of life as he knows it. In doing so he provides a window into a world long passed without even being aware of it. This paper aims to analyze the roles of politics,
Apuleius' Golden Ass, the only surviving novel of the Roman Empire, is a tale of a Greek nobleman devoting his life to the goddess Isis following his transformation to an ass and back. Although a work of fiction, the novel reveals a great deal about religion in Apuleius' society. This information, however, must be viewed with a critical eye. He incorporates stories from Greco-Roman mythology not to affirm their validity, but to reveal their commonness to society. Apuleius insults other religions that are not of the Pantheon with severe viciousness, while the general public may have been more open to them. In the end, he praises Isis and Osiris as the supreme gods while giving first hand account of their righteousness.
As, perhaps arguably, his most famous novel, from his most famous book series, The Chronicles of Narnia, there has been much debate as to his motives for the implementation of religion in his works, and even some question as to whether religion is an actual existing aspect of the work. This essay will not only outline the unmistakable presence of religious allegory, but also focus on the purpose of it being there. Thus being, that C.S Lewis uses religious allegory to effectively introduce and develop core themes of the novel in a fashion both comprehensible and relatable for a universal audience.
Focusing on two of history’s most notorious mythologies, Greek and Roman, one may believe that they are exceedingly comparable; however, beyond a first glance, it is clear that each system is extremely distinguished. The Roman Empire, developed nearly a millennia following the great, Greek Trojan war, was highly influenced by the elaborate Greek myths of gods, goddesses, monsters, and mythical creatures. Their captivation of Greek culture bore a permanent effect on the Roman Empire, as Rome adopted much that defined Greece, including its art, philosophy, literature, drama, and most importantly, mythology. However, despite their indistinguishable origins, Roman and Greek mythologies prove to be very individualized.
The heroes in Greek and Roman mythology had the characteristics of violent masculinity and bravery, the ideology of a patriarchal society in which all the men were elite than the women. According to Kampmen in Gender Theory in Roman Art, “Roman society evolved in such a way as to enable elite men to establish and maintain power over everyone else, ” such men included heroes like Hercules, Achilles, and Pentheus (1996, p.152). They represented the elite males who had stable physical attributes that emphasized their masculinity and heroism. Heroes like the ones mentioned above had been idolized and worshiped with cults due to their works in helping their societies to fight monsters, the gods also favored them. Gender is emphasized by one 's appearance, dressing being the primary attribute. The mythic narratives of Achilles on Scyros, Hercules and Omphale and lastly Pentheus and Dionysus give a rather strange definition on the characteristics of heroes when they crossdress. In this essay, I shall discuss how male heroes characteristics become subverted than emphasized due to the myths of cross-dressing.