The Tuscan Style

The Renaissance occurred in Europe between 1400 and 1600. This event began in Italy during the Medieval period and then expanded to the rest of Europe, marking the start of the Modern age. The Renaissance began in Florence Italy in the 14th century. It was a cultural movement that had an enormous impact in Europe during the early modern period. The Renaissance’s influenced politics, science, literature, art, philosophy, religion, music, and other aspects. Around the 13th century in Italy started the Renaissance’s art influence. Leonardo da Vinci, was known as the "Renaissance man," because of his art masterpieces and his studies in other fields during this time. Italy wasn’t a political concept in the

Palatino was named after the sixteenth century Italian master of calligraphy, Giambattista Palatino. The typeface relates to the humanist types of Italian Renaissance; the usage of a reflection of a broad nib pen to relate to Zapf’s practice in calligraphy. However, Palatino uses larger proportions to provide legibility while Renaissance types usually provide smaller letters along with the extended vertical lines (ascenders/descenders) and lighter strokes. The long ascenders and descenders provide a more legible feature. Many experts refer to the typeface “Book Antiqua” to be a close replicate of Palatino. Both Windows and Microsoft Office include this typeface.

Reggio Emilia is a child driven methodology where children are enriched within their environment as well as communication from their peers. Reggio Emilia schooling is an innovative approach for preschoolers and kindergarteners. Teachers are considered co learners with the children. The classroom environment is considered a “third teacher” while the children are seen as obtaining a “hundred languages”. Reggio Emilia schooling can be viewed as an out of the box and unorganized approach to learning due to excluding a written curriculum. Reggio Emilia has been viewed as highly unstructured with a high chance of bullying to develop. Reggio Emilia is an unconventional way of providing students with a manipulative environment including co-learners

The influential typeface Helvetica, a neo-grotesque1 sans serif type design, came into being in the early 1950s - after the Second World War. The expectation of the designers, Edouard Hoffman and Max Miedinger was to create a neutral typeface that had great clarity, no intrinsic meaning in its form and could be used on a wide variety of signage to remake a new identity apart from the past (). Originally named as Neue Haas Grotesk, the typeface was changed to Helvetica in 1960. Today, Helvetica, as an aesthetics constant, although not perfect, mastered the quantum leap in 1957 from metal type to the digital age of word processing. Axel Langer, a curator of Islamic Near Eastern Art, mentioned it as ‘an impersonal typeface for today and tomorrow ().’

Throughout time, there have been countless artists, designers and typographers that had the opportunity to make a bold statement, invent the next best thing or to engrave their name in the design industry for all eternity. Although ordinary people don’t realize a good design when they see it, they know it has attracted them somehow and they feel the need to ask and wonder how it came to be. Without question, Eric Gill has note ably revolutionized the type world. Without him there would be no benchmark for humanist typefaces; without Gill, there would be no Gill Sans, the font that will consistently be seen as a crisp, clean and readable font; as all typefaces should be. Despite for his one notorious face, he has created 11 typefaces, wrote

The most notable feature of the far left, Italian Renaissance image is its emphasis on classicism in its design. The dome-shaped building in the background of the painting recalls that of the Pantheon of ancient Rome. The anatomy of the figures is extremely realistic and proportional, suggesting classical Greek and Roman sculpture. There is a symmetry and perfection in how the figures are arranged, as the man and the women are apparently exchanging rings in celebration of marriage under the auspices of a priest. The figures have a three-dimensional quality which contributes to the idealized, yet realistic texture of the work.

The culture of Tuscany during the renaissance was distinguished by its fine arts caused by the Roman Empire taking over of Constantinople, which brought Greek knowledge of math, science, architecture, and the arts to the Tuscan region. In this particular time period, (1429-1519) if it were not for the introduction of new understandings in math and science, the Tuscans would not have had the advancements in art and architecture we use to this day. To further expand on this topic, we must look into additional aspects of Tuscany's culture including geography, work, folkways, and religion.

In comparison to the renaissance in Italy, the style in the North takes a slightly different form. The Italian art, created in greater proximity to Rome, often exhibits stronger classical and unobscured religious elements. Meanwhile, Northern works take almost an entirely opposite approach. Early on the influence of Gothic styles remain noticeable. Later, humanity takes precedence and theological themes are subtly integrated into landscapes and environments that are otherwise entirely contemporary and relatable to the immediate audience. Artists from the north also engaged in a greater prolificity of secular works such as portraits. We will look at a couple examples from this setting.

The idea that the Reformation was not just a religious movement, but an extension and/or development of the Renaissance was easily depicted during the Middle Ages. The term Reformation implies renewal and/or rebirth which was an apparent theme during the Renaissance. This can be seen in the art work of Renaissance artists as the influence of classical subjects and themes were revived. Additionally, the idea of individuality and humanism were also key parts of the Renaissance as well as the Reformation. Furthermore, teaching that the work of justification in our lives is work of grace, greatly influenced the work ethic of the people during the Northern Renaissance. Therefore, it’s clear to see that although the Reformation’s major focus was

Graphic design set its first roots in Germany in 1455 with the introduction of the Blackletter typeface and Johannes Gutenberg’s Gutenberg Bible. Coined as the godfather of printing Gutenberg helped to spread Blackletter in popularity. With the advent of Martin Luther’s New Testament, however, a schism was created between those that chose to use

Now, when most of people spoke and read in French rather than in Latin, typographers started printing in French. The reason why modern French is so complex in spelling is because the typographers were paid by for the length of the words. Since many scholars and leading minds were unsure about all of the rules of French, typographers were able to introduce things that didn’t even existed before in order to receive more money. The cedilla, apostrophe and accents all were introduced by typographers to express the “originality” of French. This made the French writing system so odd, that people ignored it, but the typographers themselves alongside with scholars had to examine everything.

The understanding of very specific features from the Baroque period requires a more general approximation to get there. Why a culture starts to disappear and another one to grow? For this kind of question there are just inconclusive answers. Bukofzer distinguished three major periods, though he acknowledged that they did not coincide in different countries: 1580-1630, early baroque; 1630-80, middle Baroque; 1680-1730, late Baroque. Clercx pushed the beginning of the period back to the middle of the 16th century, where she located a phase of ‘primitive Baroque’. The second period, ‘full Baroque’ (plein baroque), occupied the entire 17th century. Finally after the style was achieved there was a ‘tardy Baroque’ (baroque Tardif),

Baroque art was predominantly spiritual in nature, as most art form this era was based on the Christian belief and stories. After this period, there was a lot of political influence on people that steered people away from the spiritual aspect, and the focus became on more realistic ideas and non-spiritual subjects. Neoclassicism started to become popular, so people focused on the more classical aspect of art.

Futura is a sans serif typeface. It is classified as geometric, meaning that the looks of the letterforms are based on geometric shapes. The bowls of the letters are almost-perfect circles and the peaks of some letters such as W’s and uppercase A’s create triangles. This gives the letterforms a very simple look that can be broken down into just a few key elements. For example, letters such as the lowercase ‘d’ and ‘b’ are made up of a circle and str¬aight, vertical line on one side, and letters such as the uppercase ‘T’ are simply made up of two perfectly straight lines—one horizontal and one vertical, with the vertical line extending directly below the center of the horizontal line. The lowercase ‘t’ changes things up a bit with the fact that the two lines are off-centered. Instead of being directly in the center like the uppercase, the vertical line is positioned slightly to the left. The lowercase ‘f’ mimics this as well.

In a mysterious detail in two of the Aldobrandini Tazze (Vitellius 3, Vespasian 3), there are allusions to the Renaissance-style {correct?} town hall of Antwerp, with cheering viewers looking out the windows onto a spectacle in the square. The architectural façades chased into the bowls, with rounded windows and a protruding middle section, leave no doubt that Antwerp’s stadthuis was known to the designers of the tazze. (fig…guild procession and Vit.3or Ves.4)… The first Renaissance-style building was destroyed during the Sack of Antwerp in 1576, the Spanish Fury. It was burned to a shell but was restored only three years later, proof of the town’s dynamic and civil strength.