The Universe: Ways in which Galaxies Interact Among Each Other

Stars are the most recognized astronomical object in space and they represent the building blocks of galaxies. Stars distribute elements such as: carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. A star develops from a cloud of hydrogen and helium, the dust clouds that are scattered throughout galaxies. An example of a dust cloud is the Orion Nebula. The gas and dust begin to collapse from its own gravitational pull. As the cloud collapses, the middle gets hotter. This is known as a prostar. A dense and hot core forms which begins to collect dust and gas. All this material may not end up as a part of the star but can become planets, asteroids, comets, or remain dust. A star about the size of our sun can up to 50 million years to mature. The smallest stars are

The moons, asteroids and comets are smaller surrounding bodies. The Galaxy is an enormous cloud consisting of stars, gas, and dust. An accumulated gravity of its matter holds the Galaxy together. The Universe is made up of everything that exists. This includes galaxies, stars, and planets.

Scientists using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have discovered that the i halo of gas enveloping the Andromeda galaxy, our nearest massive neighbor, is about six times larger and 1,000 times more massive than previously measured. The dark, nearly invisible halo stretches about a million light-years from its host galaxy, halfway to our own Milky Way galaxy. One of the most common types of galaxies in the universe.

Scientists have hypothesized that surrounding most galaxies are huge amounts of matter called dark matter. “Dark matter is matter that is invisible and does not emit light, heat or radio waves. Dark matter does not interact with ordinary matter, and possibly billions of dark matter particles pass through ordinary matter every minute” (Hawking 186-188). Dark matter holds galaxies, stars, and solar

The collision between the two parent galaxies produced a shockwave effect that first drew matter into the center and then caused it to propagate outwards in a ring. The elongated companion perpendicular to the ring suggests that Arp 148 offers a unique view of a collision in progress.

This led to two disk-dominated galaxies were forced by gravity to merge into a single galaxy. The merger had also destroyed the disks and produced a huge pileup of stars.

Rose Galaxy – Given it’s name for the obvious reason that it looks like a rose, these are actually two galaxies that are interacting with each other. I love that these shocking space pictures shows how even galaxies work in tandom together.

jor mergers are considered to be mergers of galaxies with mass ratios of ∼ (1 − 4.5) : 1.

Images of the galaxy in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum show two jets protruding in opposite directions from the galaxy's center. These jets extend many times the width of the portion of the host galaxy which emits radiation at visible wavelengths.[5] At the ends of the jets are two lobes with "hot spots" of more intense radiation at their edges. These hot spots are formed when material from the jets collides with the surrounding intergalactic medium.[6]

Within the universe, clusters of matter combined into galaxies of planets, stars, and space rocks. The galaxies were created in the beginning of time.

“The seven civilized galaxies are the Gallen, Starwhen, Xneonta, Basactera, Estora, Tandona and Revdeten. They have existed for a millennium and are very influential to the areas that are unincorporated.

The solar nebula theory stated that the solar system started with a grain of dust. From that grain of dust, our solar system expanded through three processes; condensation, accretion, and gravitational collapse. Through condensation particles add matter from gas. In the process of accretion, particles stick together forming masses. These masses collided at low velocities creating protoplanets. The larger the protoplanet, the greater the gravitational pull, thus attracting more matter growing larger. The third process, gravitational collapse occurred when gas from the nebula accumulated quickly.

This research was able to highlight numerous explanations for our dying galaxies. MUSE (Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) is used to capture images of UGC 6697 galaxy and its escorting galaxies. There were three major reasons for the lost of our galaxies. One of the most important reasons is the “Process of Ram-Pressure Stripping”. Due to gravitation, galaxies cluster together and the spaces between galaxies are filled with hot gases. During strong wind circulation, these gases can be lost or leave galaxies. These gases are required to create new stars. A second possible reason is “Galaxy Harassment”, which refers to movement of galaxies. When a galaxy bypasses another galaxy or passes through another galaxy, it changes in its shapes and redistribute

There are two primary modes of AGN feedback which allow the supermassive black hole at the center of its host galaxy to affect the final stellar mass of the galaxy. The first mode is the kinetic mode, driven by radio jets, and the second mode is the quasar mode, or radiative mode, which relates to radiation from the accretion disk~\citep{2012Fabian,2012McNamara}. The kinetic mode has been intensively studied specifically in galaxy clusters, which require feedback to prevent overcooling~\citep{2006Rafferty,2007McNamara} via radio jets and bubbles~\citep{2011Fabian}. In contrast, due to the relative lack of central cluster galaxies in the quasar mode, the impact of radiative feedback on clusters is poorly understood~\citep{1998Silk}.

A galaxy, also called a nebula, consists of billions of stars, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter which are all bound to form a massive cloud in which we live in. Although it cannot be very well explained, dark matter makes up at least 90% of a galaxy’s mass.