"Analysis of Prohibited Drugs in Blood for Doping Controls using a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer" 1-Introduction 1.1-Use of prohibited drugs in competitive sports 1.2-Commonly tested analytes for doping control 1.3-Techniques employed 2-Sampling 2.1-Sample preparation 3-Experimental Techniques 3.1-LC/MS 3.2-LC/TMS 4-Latest Advancements in the field 4.1-Sensitivity 4.2-Accuracy 4.3-Automation 5-Conclusion 6-References Figures and Tables Fig: 1 Fig: 2 Fig: 3 Fig: 4 Table: 1 Table: 2 ABSTRACT The use of performance enhancers and prohibited drugs in sports goes back as far as the year 1889 when Pud Galvin a Pittsburgh’s baseball pitcher used performance enhancer before pitching in a game against Boston. Pud used something called “Elixir of Brown Sequard” containing mostly testosterone drained from the gonads of an animal. The use of performance enhancers may seem natural in terms of gaining an edge in a competition but the attached strings may far outweigh its advantages. Mostly the short-term benefits of gaining advantage are associated with the long-term health risks of the athlete. The attached health vulnerability of the athletes underpins the need of strict regularization code for performance enhancers through robust, precise and accurate analytical techniques. We will discuss and compare various analytical challenges encountered during doping control analysis in this report. Sampling is the first to start with. A good sampling
In sports, the competitive drive to win can be very intensive between athletes. Winning in the game usually brings rewards to athletes both financially and psychologically. Such temptations and the consecutive pressures faced by athletes to excel in the sporting events, attempts to achieve a rival edge especially when the application of performance enhancing drugs by athletes in sports activities has becoming a new trend and relatively common. Performance enhancing drugs are used so athletes could achieve better results with least efforts, even as their health and their athletic careers will be placed in danger. That explains why athletes, sports people and body builders turn to performanc enhancing drugs.
Athletes get caught doping in a multitude of ways, most commonly via a drug test. Although most athletes get caught by a drug test, some of the big time athletes like Alex Rodriguez get caught by word of mouth, meaning one too many people knew what he was doing and it eventually came out and he is now
Performance-enhancing drugs (PED 's) have been an issue for many decades now for the medical and sports field. Olympic and professional athletes have been using them to gain an upper hand on the competition, but some may ask if it 's really worth it? Studies show that performance-enhancing drugs have been proven to negatively affect the health of athletes who take them. Simply put, performance-enhancing drugs could either improve athletic performance or can be extremely dangerous, in certain situations, deadly. There have been strict rules and drug testing in the professional sporting organizations, as well as in world competitions. For example, in the summer of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, in two of the
The use of illegal substances is rapidly increasing in the college sports due to the expansion of supplements used by athletes that are being banned. In a study done, athletes were asked if illicit drugs would negatively impact their performance. Majority of them responded “yes”, their main reasoning being; the effects of illicit drugs were both mental and physically damaging. Illicit drugs come in many forms, but the testing procedures are all the same for any substance. There is almost always a consequence with the use of prohibited substances. Drug testing is appropriate to help ensure the safety of student athletes while they participate in intercollegiate contests. (Krotee, M 555).
A number of prominent athletes have recently experienced a 'fall from grace,' because of the revelation that they used performance-enhancing drugs. Perhaps the most famous example of this phenomenon is Lance Armstrong. In an advertisement for Nike that his former sponsor now no doubt regrets, Armstrong is shown asking the viewer "what am I on? I'm on my bike, busting my ass six hours a day." Professional cycling is often cited as one of the sports in which doping is most endemic to its subculture, however a number of professional sports have been embroiled in drug scandals. Because of the many revelations about the number of baseball players who used steroids to get their record-breaking statistics, the 1990s are often called the 'steroid' era of baseball. The Olympic track and field star Marian Jones was stripped of her medals, after finally admitting to the use of performance-enhancing drugs (Lardon 2008). "Despite the health risks, and despite the regulating bodies' attempts to eliminate drugs from sport, the use of illegal substances is widely known to be rife. It hardly raises an eyebrow now when some famous athlete fails a dope test" (Savulescu, Foddy, & Clayton 2004).
The competitive drive to win at all cost is fierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher records than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain banned from sports because their use results in many harmful side effects; because their use violates sports regulations, and because their use can cause death.
Athletes are always searching for ways to enhance their performance. Recently, beginning in the 1950s, that search has included the use of illegal substances like steroids and growth hormones. Illegal substances have been used widely by athletes in hop es of achieving the desired Olympic gold medal or multi-million dollar contract. Some nations, for example the late East Germany in the 1970s and 1980s, have mandated the use of steroids by their athletes. The downside of using those illegal substances is that because they are illegal, getting caught using them can lead to losing that coveted gold medal, a lifetime ban from sports, and a total loss of honor and dignity. This is why the search is now on to find some legal
This news article gives a variety of issues that emerged on account of the utilization of steroids in expert games. For instance, on 1976 the International Olympic Committee restricted the utilization of steroids. Steroid use in expert games turned into a gigantic point when competitors were getting discovered utilizing the execution improving medication.
Performance enhancers are very prominent in professional sports today. A lot of players are facing suspensions and other penalties for using them. The sport that gets scrutinized the most for this is Baseball. Many former users in the MLB (or formally the NABBP) have come out saying that they were using these drugs while playing. Some of these players are Jorge Sosa, Antonio Bastardo, and the famous Alex Rodriguez. Although these drugs have been prohibited, players are still finding ways around the tests which is why in some other countries they are legal so that no one player can have an unfair advantage.
Abstract: With the increase of competition has also come the need to become bigger and stronger than the opponent. The use of steroids among athletes has caused the focus of the game to change. No longer does an athlete want to win by doing their best, but they want to become bigger and have an advantage over the opponent. Ultimately, all athletes feel that they need to use performance-enhancing drugs to compete at the same level. Despite all of the warnings and information on performance-enhancing drugs, athletes continue to use them and overlook the potential health risks associated with steroids.
“…medical researchers believe that between 1 and 3 million youths and adults have taken anabolic steroids in one form or another specifically to enhance their looks or athletic performances,” stated Nuwer (Nuwer, 61). As astounding as these figures are, the number of performance drug users is steadily increasing. With this progressively increasing numbers, it is projected that millions more will use steroids in the immediate future (Newer, 61). Athletes have always sought an advantage in competition even if ignoring the law and their health if necessary. Using drugs of any sort to facilitate an athlete’s athletic ability should be illegal. The use of performance enhancing drugs is not only detrimental to the user but it also creates an
Do you want to want to become the peak athlete that you know your body is capable of? Well, this paper will not do that for you, but it will tell you how, and it will tell you why it should be legal to do so. Doping in sports is one of the most extensive debates within the realm of athletics. Whether it be injecting anabolic steroids, consuming them, or blood doping, athletes will do drugs. Doping has no effect on the viewership of the sport. Athletes can always find ways to cheat the system, and trying to prevent the use seems impossible. The use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) should be legalized, as long as it is allowed under medical supervision.
Performance-enhancers have seen many changes in the past one thousand years. People have always been willing to do whatever it takes to get an edge despite the circumstances. Rules and regulations have been updated in competition to keep up with different PEDs. PEDs have been used in many different ways to get an edge over an
Pledger 1 Mason Pledger Mrs. Daugherty English 9 Honors 20 March 2017 Performance Enhancers and Athletes Why would athletes even need to use performance enhancers? Some athletes use steroids to boost their strength. There are many health risks that steroids can cause. Things like irregular heartbeat and heart failure can occur. I think that athletes who steroids or other drugs to enhance their strength should have a harsher punishment. Athletes need to know not to use steroids because they can get serious health problems. “For athletes that do decide to take steroids on a regular basis, 80% of them show some form of biochemical abnormalities of the liver during medical testing” (“20 Incredible Statistics of Steroid Use in Professional Sports”).
The concept is to monitor biomarkers in athletes. Biomarkers are naturally occurring biological indicators, where changes in biological processes or diseases can be identified. The biological data collected can indirectly detect the effect performance enhancing substances have on biomarkers. Abuse of performance enhancing drugs leaves a characteristic mark or pattern on these biomarkers. Scientists can evaluate the