1 TISSUE REGENERATION AND HEALING
Tissue regeneration has become the new standard for healing and repair. The goal of tissue regeneration is to repair and replace damaged or diseased tissue with healthy tissue that is fully functional, free of scar tissue, and completely replicates the healthy, pre-injury tissue. In contrast, the current state of tissue healing or repair often results in tissue that may be look, feel, or function differently from healthy tissue. While healing and repair are often sufficient to remedy the root symptoms of injury, full tissue regeneration remains to be the goal when treating damaged tissues.
Tissues are primarily composed of cells and extracellular matrix. Cells are the biological building blocks of tissue. They maintain the function of the tissue by synthesizing proteins or metabolizing waste. Single cells communicate with one another and respond to stimuli in their surrounding environments. Cells secrete and maintain extracellular matrix (ECM) which is the structural component of tissues. Cells interact with each other and the ECM through direct contact as well as soluble signaling molecules, including cytokines, growth factors, hormones, steroids, enzymes, and other chemicals. These signals stimulate a chain reaction or cascade which alters cell behavior, both in the releasing cell itself, as well as other neighboring cells. Cells and structural matrix (for example, cardiomyocyte) are organized to function together as a tissue (e.g.,
Protein is obviously what everyone’s body part is made up of protein and so the fibrous tissue which is result to healing if low protein this tissue is not synthesized and high protein can increase it rates. Carbohydrates, as they are provide the main structural materials required for growth, repair, and maintenance of tissue. A&P 9th ed. Pg.50
Many of us have all heard the saying that a “lizard can lose its tail,” and bizarrely enough it will grow back. This was always considered impossible for humans, an idea belonging in the realm of science fiction, but now the regeneration of tissue is an extremely realistic possibility. Despite some opinions, this process does not happen naturally, or take place as cinematically as one might imagine. Over the past decade, there have been major advances in regenerative medicine, commonly known as stem cell research. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that have the capability to specialize into any tissue. They are most commonly found in cord blood, bone marrow, organ donations, placenta, and embryos . Stem cells are seen by some as a new miracle treatment, encouraging many countries to invest in their research.
Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses principles from engineering, biology and chemistry in an effort towards tissue regeneration. The main draw of tissue engineering is the regeneration of a patient’s own tissues and organs free from low biofunctionality and poor biocompatibility and serious immune rejection. As medical care continues to improve and life expectancy continues to grow, organ shortages become more problematic.(Manufacturing living things) According to organdonor.gov, a patient is added to the waiting list every 10 minutes and an average of 18 people die everyday waiting for an organ donation. The “nirvana” of tissue engineering is to replace the need for organ donation altogether. This could be achieved using scaffolding from
The matrix of a tissue can be secreted by the connective tissues within the body. The functions of connective tissues are to transport materials around the body to give support to the weak areas to protect and support the body.
I believe that tissue damage recovery strategies are very effective and important as a recovery strategies for athletes.
tissue can be damaged by a variety of things like infections, tumors, or strokes, any injury
Many organisms easily lose limbs and can grow them back again. Scientists have studied various organisms that are able to repair damaged body parts, such as lizards, spiders, sponges, and sharks. These are a few organisms that undergo regeneration with different body parts such as tails, legs, body divisions, and teeth. The process of regeneration describes the replacement, renewal, and restoration of lost body parts.
The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect different part of the internal structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type, function and positioning of the tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are blood, bone, cartilage, bone, areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
The focus of regenerative medicine is to the combine effects of a cell source, scaffold support, and anabolic stimulus to enable healing to the damaged tissue. One of the options for a cell source would be tenocytes; however, this would leave a lesion at the donor site from a biopsy, which cannot be done to a horse’s flexor tendon without additional consequences. Also, cells derived from different tendons show different characteristics compromising their effectiveness. Another option for differentiated fibroblasts includes dermal and ligament fibroblasts, but they have different cell characteristics that may not be useful in tendon repair. Therefore, stem cells are being seen as the greatest option for soft tissue repairing and healing (Herthel
“Through the isolation and manipulation of cells, scientists are finding ways to identify young, regenerating ones that can be used to replace damaged of dead cells in diseased organs. This therapy is similar to the process of organ transplant, only the treatment consists of the transplantation of cells rather than organs. The cells that have shown by far the most promise of supplying diseased organs with healthy cells are called stem cells.” (Chapter Preface)
Soft Tissue Repair Case Study: The Four Phase of Soft Tissue Healing and Therapeutic Interventions that can be used to Aid Progression of Repair.
As today’s technology is changing, some of the most major effects of it are superior advances in the medical field. One advance in the medical field is tissue engineering. It is being developed for use in regenerative medicine and soon to be in wider use for other treatments. Tissue engineering’s goal for the future is for the medicine to be able to stimulate other cells around the damage area of the body to get them to grow and produce living tissue (Sciencedaily). Another medical advancement is the monitoring systems and how hospitals can better track for problems and signs of an emergency. This can also help the surgeons decide how to stitch up a patient for best recovery time (Sciencedaily). As technology keeps progressing, another medical advancement is the way surgeons are doing operations. Today, for complex surgeries, surgeons now will get help from the use of a robot for accurate procedures; this will help with the size of the incision and keep the recovery time shorter than during standard surgery.
Preliminary Data 3: Tissue engineering scaffolds comprised of decellularized myocardial extracellular matrix effectively emulate the natural cardiac environment. In order to best reconstruct the damaged tissue of a heart following myocardial infarction, the chemical and biological cues that dictate cell recruitment and differentiation in the native tissues are required. Each human tissue contains its own specific combination of proteins and proteoglycans within the ECM to facilitate this process, so it serves that scaffold material obtained from the heart would best serve to reconstruct cardiac tissue (Singelyn et al. 2009). Modifying the scaffold into an injectable form would allow for the noninvasive delivery of the therapy directly to the affected site. Previous studies on the gelation of a decellularized porcine myocardium ECM scaffold have found it satisfactory in mimicking the natural environment of the heart (Singelyn
Tissue remodeling is a process that can help repair lungs. This process repairs small airway walls. At the end of the process,
Lately, there is an emerging innovation whereby organs are created to form and increase in size by a process of inorganic accretion, from the patient’s cell. This field of medicine is known as the regenerative medicine. In addition to this, there are basically various types of regenerative medical