Traumatic Brain Injury Nursing

Awareness about traumatic brain injury has increased because of combat operations in Irag and Afghanistan and in the National Football League. The debate over the nature of traumatic brain injury is an ongoing issue. Some think of categorizing from mild to the server is the condition of TBI that can lead to a person bring over diagnosed or misdiagnosed. The other side points out that the focus should not be on diagnosis put on the recovery and treatment of the symptoms.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a type of injury that is a critical public health and socio-economic problem. TBI is a leading cause of death and disability in both children and adults [5]. The Centers for Disease Control and

Attention for traumatic brain injury has grown over the years and programs have been created to help try and prevent the injuries. As this is an injury to the brain the literature is vast with insight into what part of the brain injured resulted in what change in the individual. Children and athletics have been the main focus in recent years for studies as research have shown that undiagnosed injuries can have long lasting effects.

Board of Education Guidelines for Policies on Concussions in Student Athletes, is "...a brain injury

Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and

This essay will examine an intervention for concussion awareness and prevention throughout the United States. Due to the prevalence of concussions throughout the U.S., public health has pushed to implement awareness of how serious this topic is. Concussions can lead to traumatic brain injuries (TBI), which can lead to mortality (HEADS UP, 2016). Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shared that over 138 people die from TBI on a daily basis in the U.S. (HEADS UP, 2016). Programs are being implemented to educate parents, coaches, and young athletes in hopes of concussion reduction. The CDC has created an intervention called Heads Up to provide educational resources for athletes, coaches, parents, and health professionals in regards to concussions. Studies have been conducted that have provided statistical information on how effective the Heads Up program is and suggestions on how it should be considered mandatory training. The Heads Up program has created an outbreak as many states have incorporated policies and laws in regards to concussions.

Medical and technological advances have led to greater survival rates in individuals suffering from various illness and injury throughout history. This includes individuals who suffer traumatic and nontraumatic brain injuries. Approximately 1.5 million people in the United States sustain a brain injury each year with the survival rate of over 90 percent making brain injury the leading cause for disability in the United States. (Mysiw, Bogner, Corrigan, Fugate, Clinchot, & Kadyan 2006). Cognitive, physical, sensory and behavioral changes are widely noted in individuals in the months and years following a brain injury. However, the psychosocial, psychological and emotional effects of these injuries are less discussed and therefore these aspects can be overlooked when anticipating a course of treatment. Individuals who sustain acquired brain injuries experience significant, lasting impairment in the psychosocial, psychological and emotional aspects of their lives and better understanding of these issues can lead to better treatment and coping skills for these individuals.

The skull of human body holds the most valuable organ, the brain. This is the control center of the body. It is evident that injury to the brain is life threatening in many ways. One specific injury that is becoming more prevalent in the United States is concussions. Particularly concussions are becoming very prevalent in young children, teens, and professional athletes. A study in July of 2016 shared that roughly 1.1 to 1.9 million concussions occur annually in the U.S. to children who are 18 and younger (Bryan, Rowhani-Rahbar, Comstock, & Rivar, 2016, p.1). Concussions can lead to traumatic brain injuries (TBI), which can lead to mortality (HEADS UP, 2016). Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shared that over 138 people die from TBI on a daily basis in the U.S. (HEADS UP, 2016). Public health is bringing awareness all over the U.S. to advocate prevention of concussions and make athletic events safer. Programs are being implemented to educate parents, coaches, and young athletes in hopes of concussion reduction. Concussions affect over 1.1 million American people yearly; this subject should not be taken lightly.

The purpose of the paper is to address ethical concerns in the book Concussion, written by Jeanne Marie Laskas. The paper will present a summary of the work, statement of an ethical question, enumeration of ethical concerns, discussion of the data used in the decision making, evaluation of the options, discussion of what legal, moral, and ethical actions can be taken to address the ethical question raised in the book, and a conclusion of a summary on what is ethically desirable.

This research paper uses a wide range of secondary resources such as the library catalogue, databases, journals, textbooks, newspaper articles, reports, multimedia, non-government websites and the media. Therefore, the use of resources enables an individual to analyse and conduct a research on the topic concussion.

According to the Brain Injury Association of America (2010), traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most frequent cause of disability and death among children and adolescents in the United States of America. Approximately 300,000 sports-related brain injuries occur on a yearly basis (Thurman & Guerrero, 1999). Repeated mild brain injuries over an extended period of time could result in neurological and cognitive deficits (Center for Disease and Prevention Control, 2005). Due to these potential long-term ramifications and the increasing rates of concussions, lawmakers have proposed federal and state laws in order to protect the well being of student athletes.

As concussions cause physical damage to the brain tissue it can affect how the tissue develops, meaning children with traumatic brain injury can have lasting negative effects on cognition and academic success (US News). In fact, “children who experience traumatic brain injuries during the ages of 3-7 are more than three times more likely to develop Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)” (US News). ADHD is the most common psychiatric disorder among children with history of brain injuries. It is important that caregivers keep a close watch on children who have suffered brain injuries, even several years after the injury has occurred (US News). These symptoms can create life altering situations for children especially in regard to their education. Concussions limit a students ability to concentrate and mental exertion can cause symptoms like headaches to worsen. An example given by an educational resource explains that if “a student with a concussion spends a lot of energy studying intensely for an exam, there will be less energy available to help the brain repair itself, which may delay recovery. These effects are referred to as cognitive-exertional effects”. This means that participation in school can worsen symptoms and slow recovery time therefore prolonging the symptoms of the injury. This document also recommends that students take breaks known as “cognitive rest” to allow the brain to recover and prevent mental exertion. Unfortunately this will limit students from several activities such as “using a computer, driving, watching television, studying for or taking an exam, using a cell phone, reading, playing video games, and text messaging or other activities that cause concussion symptoms to appear or worsen” (Brain Injury Association of Canada). This is the effect that concussions have on the cognitive aspects of a student’s life but there

In this article it talks about that traumatic brain injuries in youth sports from january 2009

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is a medical diagnosis which refers to closed or penetrative damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. Every year, TBIs affect approximately 150-250 people in a population of 100,000 (León-Carrión, Domínguez-Morales, Martín, & Murillo-Cabezas, 2005). The leading causes of TBI are traffic accidents, work injuries, sports injuries, and extreme violence (León-Carrión et al., 2005). TBI is most often fatal when the cause is an injury due to the use of firearms, a traffic accident, or a long fall (León-Carrión et al., 2005). However, fatality rates and rates of occurrence differ in various countries due to

Traumatic Brain Injury is otherwise known as TBI. “Traumatic brain injury, a form of acquired brain injury, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue” (NINDS, 2010). There are two main types of TBI, closed head injuries such as head hitting a windshield and penetrating head injuries such as a gunshot wound. As reported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation,” The severity of traumatic brain injuries is often assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, with scores ranging from 3 to 15. The higher the score,