Traumatic Eye Injury Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

Statistics have proven that about 300,000 cases are reported annually, many of which are high school students due to sports or strenuous activities. Many coaches could argue that technology has given us the ability to create helmets that could ultimately absorb the shock impacts from a blow to the

During the majority of a regular season of NFL, there is an average of 92 head injuries caused by helmet to helmet contact. It has also been estimated that high school football players have suffered around 11.2 concussions for every 10,000 practices and games. Among college players, the number was around 6.3. Over the years, researchers have been trying to improve the capability of a football helmet to withstand a stronger impact that will decrease the risk of the player getting a concussion. If we took the structure of a woodpecker's beak and applied it to a football helmet, it could possibly be a safer alternative and decrease the risk of concussions.

Using special computers that measure impacts and damage to football players; researchers reveal there is an increase in strain and head displacement after the initial impact from the frontal cortex and temporal lobes to the mid brain. Twenty-milliseconds after the initial impact, the strain had moved to the mid brain and increased to four times the displacement and correlated with the occurrence of unconsciousness. Strain and head displacement are connected to memory, cognition problems, and irrational behavior. The mid brain controls vision, hearing, breathing, reflexes, and swallowing. The thalamus and hippocampus are located in the mid brain. It is essential to reduce swelling in

Dr. Jeffrey S. Kutcher informs at a 2011 Congressional hearing, ““[A concussion] is an injury to the brain that occurs when the brain moves fast enough or suddenly enough to disrupt the normal electrical function of its component cells… when the body is struck, movements of the brain significant enough to cause concussion can occur with or without a direct blow to the head. As long as the skull and thus the brain inside of it is accelerated or decreased with enough force, the normal processes of the brain may be compromised”(30). Henceforth, direct contact is not the sole contributing factor to receiving a concussion. The more dangerous contributors are repeated impacts to the head and actions creating “rotational forces” (Caswell 168, Oliver 46). While modern NOCSAE certified helmets are believed to prevent trauma caused by “induced linear accelerations to the brain,” Mike Oliver, Executive Director and Legal Counsel, The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment,decrees, “We do not promote helmets as being concussion preventative or anti-concussion because there is no way to accurately measure the extent of protection provided” ( 48). NOCSAE is yet to develop a means to reduce rotational accelerations, which are caused by forces impacting not directly through the center of gravity of the head. More so than linear accelerations, rotational

Traumatic brain injury in general is characterized by the changes in brain function due to some sort of a biomechanical force induced by either directly or indirectly as a hit or blow to the head (Facts and Prevention, 2015). Mild traumatic brain injury, which will be considered as equivalent term with concussion, was defined by the International Conference on Concussion in Sport as a complex pathophysiological process induced by biomechanical forces (Mccrory et al., 2013). This penetrating head injury will disrupt the normal function of the brain. The cause of sports-related brain injury can be induced by a direct or indirect blow to the head. Injury can also be caused by the force of impulse due to impacts on other parts of the body being

A traumatic brain injury (“TBI”) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influences how a patient with TBI is treated by medical staff and rehabilitation specialists. TBIs can affect a specific part of the brain that was directly impacted, leaving the patients with only one or a few areas of impairment, or the damage can

Although these models were reported to produce graded severities of brain injury with similar morphology to the clinical condition, they present their own limitation. The severity of injury induced by an acceleration injury (weight drop) is often highly variable. Mild CCI cause focal contusion and subrachnoid hemorrhage are not commensurate with the typical concussion in humans. CCI and FPI require craniotomy/ craniectomy which are not clinically relevant. While blast injury is more controversial model with little standardization in blast modeling with regard to the duration of exposure and measurement of peak overpressure. An updated concussive animal model is necessary to replicate the important features of the injury in patients with mTBI as closely as

The creation of the Head Impact Telemetry System (HIT) and Star System offered ways to measure helmets in the level of protectiveness. Despite its capability of measuring linear acceleration and impact location, the HIT system is unable to measure angular acceleration accurately(2). Scholars state rotational and linear is not suitable in predicting concussions(5).With that, future innovation and improvement will provide better insight in understanding these test and concussions(1). Still,Regardless of the effectiveness of the product, helmets will never be perfect in preventing injuries(1).

It would not be until the 1990s that a paper would highlight the importance of the determination of the bruise age as evidence and to begin the scientific study this subject. The researchers first conducted a review of the scientific material in regards to bruise age estimation. This review showed that the science behind the estimation of bruise age was significantly lacking (5). These researchers also conducted visual scientific study of the bruise age based on colouration observed and the known time of injury (5). They examined photographs of bruises of various individuals against a colour chart in order to asses the colouration seen versus the age of the bruise (5). They established one of the first timelines for the estimation of the bruise age through the colours observed in a bruise.

American football has been around for over one hundred years, and along with the sport has been the need to provide proper safety for the players. An assortment of padding has been instituted in the game that protects against most blunt trauma including blows to the shoulders, mid section, and legs. In an attempt to prevent fracture of the skull, helmets were designed. However, studies have shown that helmets do little to nothing to prevent concussive damage to the brain. A polycarbonate shell is used as the outer housing for regulation football helmets, but along with this material, the materials used on the inside of the helmet are just as, if not more, important. The purpose of this report is to analyze the materials used in current football helmet design and the improvements being made in the field of materials science in order to combat the severe number of concussions suffered by NFL players.

The goal of this project is to work towards answering the question of whether or not football helmets promote neck injuries. In order to gather data, a U of R team made a machine that rapidly changes speed while translating from side to side to stimulate a rotational acceleration and velocity about the head and neck due to an angular displacement. The purpose of this machine is to simulate an unexpected and sudden change in motion of the head in order to analyse the resulting motion. The data collected was the rotational position of the head, the linear position of the cart, and the linear position of a point on the body. All measurements were made with and without a helmet. In order to answer the main question, there had to be a further understanding of how the mechanics of the head and neck change with the addition of a helmet. To achieve this, MATLAB was used to compute the resulting velocities and accelerations, the reaction forces at the neck, and the moment about the base of the neck. From these calculations, it is possible to make observations about how the addition of a helmet affects the dynamics of the head and neck.

1. Broken Glass Container The only time you should use it is when there is a glass that has a crack, or when there's broken glass. To use it, you first get the dust pan then sweep up the broken glass or cracked glass into the dust pan then walk to the broken glass container and safely sweep the broken glass or cracked glass into the container.

2 severe side effects of high impact hits can be bad headaches for the rest of your life and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. My first piece of evidence supporting bad headaches is “Although he’s learned to manage his symptoms, he wishes his daily headaches would go away.” This evidence is significant because it shows a man that still has daily

Vision challenge or impairment is when a person’s degree of seeing is very low and the affected person requires assistance in order to carry out daily routine. Significantly, for one to qualify as visually impaired there must be prove that a person cannot undertake duties by himself without necessary assistance. For a person to qualify as a visually challenged, there must be a prove that the affected eyes cannot be conventionally treated. Visual challenge cannot be corrected by surgery, refractive measures neither by medication and that is why it is termed as visual impairment. The most rampart causes of visual challenge are trauma, degenerative or congenital means and a variety of diseases. In the society,