Apremilast for Treatment of Recurrent Erythema Multiforme
Introduction
Recurrent erythema multiforme (EM) is an uncommon skin condition with unclear etiology considered to be a hypersensitivity reaction presenting commonly in young adults with distinctive targetoid skin lesions with or without mucosal lesions. These cases are typically treated with antiviral therapies or immunosuppressive agents in more extreme cases. We present a case of recurrent EM in a young adult that resolved completely after treatment with Otezla (apremilast), an oral medication originally developed for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
Case report
A 21-year-old African American female with a history of recurrent skin lesions on lips, tongue and soft palate for over ten years. She was initially diagnosed at age 6 with Behcet’s syndrome due to presence of recurrent oral and genital ulcers as well as joint pain and swelling. She stated that she has about six episodes per year with recurrence after treatment. For acute episodes, she was given treatment with prednisone for management of oral and genital lesions, which has been used intermittently. She was additionally treated with colchicine, dapsone and hydroxychloroquine with no response. It is unclear when these treatments were administered or for what duration the patient adhered to these regimens. Lesions resolved completely with no new lesions after one month of therapy on Otezla. There has not been a recurrence for 4 months.
The patient was referred for a new itchy and tender bilateral groin lesions that the patient says will drain pus. He also has multiple other complaints. He gives a history of being allergic to DOXYCYCLINE. As previously stated, he has tender sites which can drain pus off and on in his groin for years. There is also history of facial acne and scalp acne since his late teens. He took Accutane during his 20s with improvement by history. He flared and repeated Accutane about one year after completing the first course by his history. He is bathing with unscented Dove and uses cocoa butter lotion. He also has a second problem of itching over his back, shoulders, and arms, and legs
Like we learned in chapter 1 the job of the integumentary system is to cover and protect the body but what happens if your skin develops a disease like eczema? Eczema is a chronic, common, non-infective inflammatory condition characterized by intense pruritus, redness, and scaling (Eczema, p.1). This condition can appear at any age, but it usually occurs during infancy or early childhood (Eczema, p.1). Eczema or any skin disease are the most common group of occupational health problems leading to absence from work (Eczema, p.1). Several factors play a big role in eczema, both internally and externally, depending on your genetic makeup you may be prone to getting eczema in as early as a few months after you were born or by allergens as a young
It was important to discuss with Lisa during consultation family history that could provide additional support for my final diagnostic conclusion .Going thru such topic area Lisa explain that her husband James dad was suffering with atopic eczema since childhood .This was quite an important piece of information as such conditions like atopic eczema ( dermatitis ) are hereditary conditions often (National Eczema Society ,2011).Atopic dermatitis or eczema is a chronic skin disorder inflammatory with pruritic skin that appears mostly on the face ,neck ,bends of the arms or legs caused by the malfunction in the skin barrier( NICE,2013).
Erythema multiform: target lesion is the classic presentation, and the 3 skin manifestations are dusky center, inner pale ring, and erythematous outer border. It usually affect age 10-40y/o. Hypersensitivity reaction is most commonly triggered by infection so treat the underlying cause. HSV is most common cause so treat with acyclovir. It is a self limiting condition.
Eczema is a skin disorder which some people are born with eczema.Eczema is a skin disorder which some of the symptoms are dry skin, red patches in the skin, itching and painful nights of no sleep because of the itchings. There's no cure for eczema but there is treatment such as bathing, over the counter medication and using bleach, vinegar, oatmeal or evening using baking soda when taking a bath. It helpful to moisture after bathing or showering, by keeping the skin moisture it help the symptoms be calm and reduce the itching , redness and the dyers of skin.
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic, scarring, atrophic, photosensitive dermatosis. DLE may occur in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and <5% patients with DLE progress to SLE. The primary lesion is an erythematous papule or plaque with slight-to-moderate scaling. As the lesion progresses, the scale may thicken and become adherent, and pigmentary changes may develop. Patients with DLE rarely fulfill four or more of the criteria used to classify SLE. Serologic abnormalities are uncommon. Therapy with sunscreens, topical corticosteroids, and antimalarial agents is usually
Clinical manifestations include fever, myalgia, rash, papules, macules that lead to sloughing and eventually necrosis, the skin can look like a scalding burn, mucosititis, and respiratory distress from interstitial edema, gastrointestinal issues ranging from diarrhea to ulceration and bleeding, ocular issues such as conjunctivitis to inflammation, photophobia up to and including loss of vision (Cooper, 2012). Any body system that has epithelial tissue can be subsequently affected. The further the condition progresses the higher the degree of mortality. Being alert to the possibility of the condition and trying to get as much information from the patient regarding medication usage, to include over the counter and herbal is vital because time is critical factor (Cooper, 2012). Misdiagnosis
Eczema is part of many classes including: Dermatological, Integumentary, and Immune. Most doctors have been trying to figure out how it happens but have not had such good luck, but however they did find out some factors of why it happens, Climate/Environment, Genetics, and problems with the Integumentary System. The climate and environment is a big factor of the disease because the cold makes it worse, the skin will crack and bleed for being too dry. The next problem is family genetics, the patient could have gotten eczema due to a family member who has the disease or it could even be an allergy. The last way you could get Eczema is a problem with your integumentary system, the cells have the affect the moisture out of the skin. There are different types of itchy dry patches of skin that has less moisture usually found in the legs, arms,
Sharon is a 76-year-old female who suffers from plague psoriasis (L40.0). Sharon’s symptoms include burning, itching, scaly, extensive plaques located on her hands, feet, and scalp. Previously, Sharon has tried and failed various treatments including taclonex, prednisone, temavate, clobetasol, fluocinonide, lidex, and UV, with little to no relief. The denial states that Sharon needs to try Humira and Enbrel both suppress the immune system. Both of these medications carry warnings for an increased risk of serious infections and malignancies. Otezla, like its biologic counterparts, also minimizes inflammation at the intracellular level, but is not an immunosuppressant. In addition, Otezla is an oral medication eliminating painful injections,
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic disease of unknown origin that usually starts in early infancy; it is characterized by pruritus, eczematous lesions, xerosis, and lichenification. Atopic dermatitis may be associated with other atopic (immunoglobulin E [IgE]) diseases as asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and acute allergic reactions to foods (Jansen et al., 1973).
This improved the appearance of the exfoliation and the erythroderma, however the patient experienced significant rebound flaring when the dose was tapered as low as 20 mg. The patient continued to have burning and stinging pain of the skin throughout the treatment course. The respiratory symptoms have overall resolved, though he continues to have stable radiographic findings of organizing pneumonia. At the time of publication the patient was preparing to initiate treatment with rituximab to further improve dermatologic and respiratory
Kathryn is an 89-year-old female who suffers from plaque psoriasis (L40.0), along with diabetes. Her symptoms include dry, itchy, extremely bothersome plaques located on her lower extremity and groin area. Kathryn has tried and failed various treatments including clobetasol and betamethasone, which has provided her with little to no relief. She is not a candidate for the multiple biologic therapies due to the risks of infection and malignancies are too high for Kathryn to risk taking these medications. Otezla is an anti-inflammatory drug that works through the intracellular inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) resulting in the increase of intracellular cAMP levels. Otezla does not carry the extreme warnings for serious infections and malignancies
Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a unique type of cutaneous adverse drug reaction. They were first described by Bourns1 in 1889 and later by Brocq2 as “eruption erythemato-pigmentee fixe”. It is characterised by the appearance of a single or multiple sharply demarcated violaceous erythematous plaques that may blister and is often associated with pruritus. The lesions generally leave behind some amount of residual hyperpigmentation. These lesions typically appear within 30 minutes to 24 hours of administration of the incriminated drug.1 The usual sites of involvement are hands, feet, genitalia and perianal region whereas it is seen less commonly around the mouth and trunk. There is a characteristic recurrence at the same sites on repeat administration
Eczema is a term used to describe itchy, red inflammation of the skin with oozing of fluid and crusting, which doctors also describe as atopic dermatitis. People who have eczema usually have a family history of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Dermatitis affects about one in every five people at some
Eczema usually first appears in early childhood and tends to disappear when the child grows up. However, it can resurface at a later stage, and can also affect an adult who hasn’t previously suffered.