Tuberculosis Valcine : Thermosted, Single-Vial Conjugate Vaccine

Discard the solution in the appropriate container as directed to you by your lab instructor.

Tuberculosis has been part of human history for a long time but how long is a long time? Recent research using genetic data has allowed us to know that the tuberculosis progenitor has been on this planet for about 3 million years affecting even our earlier ancestors (Gutierrez et al, 2005). Additionally this research showed that the bacilli from tuberculosis are capable of mixing sections of their genome with other strains and giving the pathogen a composite assembly, which resulted from ancient horizontal exchanges before its clonal expansion. This quality provided tuberculosis a big advantage that even now a days allows the organism to evade, adapt and create resistance to treatments that were once successful. In order to fix current and

We placed the gel into the running chamber, and then we completely covered the gel with TAE. 3 microliters of loading dye was added to each tube; this would help distinguish the enzyme from the gel. As before, we tapped the tube on the table to mix. Then we carefully added each of the four samples into their own wells. A total of 33 microliters of each sample was poured into each well. Afterwards, we attached the positive and negative electrodes to their corresponding terminals on the power supply and gel box. We turned on the power to around 80 volts and waited 45-60 minutes for the loading dye to move down the gel approximately 6-8 cm. Finally, we were able to visualize the DNA in the gel and write down the

In Activity B, Running Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, began by preparing and

The pipette was used to transfer 8 mL of the 0.5 molarity solution into the graduated cylinder. Distilled water was added to raise the bottom of the meniscus to the 20.0 mL line and the solution was transferred into the beaker after it was rinsed with the solution. The pipette was used to take a small quantity of the solution and rinse and then fill a test tube with the solution. The amount of 0.2 molarity solution needed to create 20.0 mL of 0.1 molarity solution was calculated as 10.0 mL. The pipette was used to transfer 10.0 mL of 0.2 molarity solution into the graduated cylinder and distilled water added until the bottom of the meniscus reached the 20.0 mL line. The solution was transferred to the rinsed beaker and then a portion placed into a test tube that had been rinsed with the solution. The amount of 0.1 molarity solution required to create 20.0 mL of 0.05 molarity solution was calculated to be 10.0 mL. The pipette was used to transfer 10.0 mL of 0.2 molarity solution into the graduated cylinder and distilled water added until the bottom of the meniscus reached the 20.0 mL line. The solution was then placed into a beaker that had been rinsed with the solution and then into a rinsed test

There is also a third protein required for GM2 ganglioside hydrolysis called the GM2-activator. It has been demonstrated that the GM2-activator extracts ganglioside GM2 from micelles or liposomes and forms a ganglioside activator complex. This complex is required for the Hex A enzymatic activity [ 4 ] .

These vaccine preparation are made by harvesting the allantoic fluid followed by chemically inactivation using_β-propiolactone or formalin, and subsequently it is concentrated and purified to remove non-viral protein contaminants (Wong S., Webby R. , 2013).The use of whole virus vaccines was reduced because of higher incidence of side effects when compared with the other formulations. In present time it has regained interest in the context of pandemic vaccine development as a simple and highly immunogenic vaccine formulation ( Geeraedts etal,2008)

Vaccines are arguably one of the greatest medical developments of all time. That being said, despite the amazing results they have shown against fighting disease, they have also encountered a great deal of controversy. In this paper, we will take a look into a few of the biggest obstacles vaccines have faced along the way.

This was done by using DNA ligation and E.Coli transformation. We looked at agar plates to analyze which one of E.coli cell strains took up the vector alone of the vector containing the gene of interest. Four agar plates were used in this laboratory which were labeled Ligation, pGEM- T Positive Control, Competent Cells Negative Control, and Competent Cells Positive Control. Reagents were used such as DNA Ligase Buffer, SOC Media, Ampicillin, IPTG, and X-Gal. Ligation was performed using 2X ligation buffer, DNA Mix, T4 DNA Ligase and sterile dH2O. Then the transformation of E. coli occurred in which our 4 LB agar plates were prepared with the corresponding amount of IPTG, X-Gal and ampicillin gene. The next step was pipetting the content into the corresponding plates and SOC media was added.The transformation tubes consent were placed on the agar plates using a spreader. The plates were incubated at 37 Celsius and then will be stored at 4 degrees Celsius.The ligation plate was prepared by adding 100 µL of IPTG, 50 µL of X-Gal and Ampicillin. In the ligation plate, the expected color to be see was blue. However, in our ligation plate, we were seeing both blue and white colonies. Blue cells indicate that the cells take up the vector alone in the presence of IPTG and X-Gal due to Beta- Galactosidase expression. IPTG or

Many commercial conjugate vaccines have been approved for widespread use. Some of these include Prevnar®13 (Pfizer, USA) and Synflorix® (GlaxoSmithKline, UK). Reductive amination conjugation chemistry was used in Prevnar®13 while in the preparation of Synflorix®, 1-cyano-4-dimethylamino pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) conjugation chemistry was used [29, 30]. Currently, many new vaccine candidates with adjuvants are presented in separate vials to enable bedside mixing of the antigen with the adjuvant. However, this results in the potential for mixing errors and added cost. Effective conjugation of the antigen to the adjuvant could enable presentation of the vaccine in one vial and therefore prevent wastage and

Tuberculosis kills 1.7 million humans every single year. Usually in our modern world, we are able to find a solution to most problems, but HIV co-infection and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) seems to be quite the problem to solve. “Peru... is one of the 30 highest tuberculosis-burden countries, with a tuberculosis incidence of 188/100,000 in the year 2003” (Kawai,2008). MDRTB rates are greater than 3% of all new cases and greater than the 9% of infectious sputum microscopy-positive patients, this makes Peru one of the top 10 countries with MDRTB. Like most resource-poor locations, tuberculosis drug-susceptibility

Tuberculosis (TB) is the second most common ancient infectious disease (Tiwari et al., 2005). It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tb) which is an aerobic, intracellular pathogen inhabits in oxygen rich regions of the lungs. According to World Health Organization 9 million people affected with TB infection in 2013 and about 1.5 million patients died from this disease. Worldwide predictions for tuberculosis control are challenged by the development of drug-resistant strains, especially those that are multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR). In 2013, approximately 5% (480000 people) of TB patients were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR-TB).

Before starting this type of experiment, it is important to have an antibody that knows the protein that will be worked with. The experiment used in this article used lysates of cultured mammalian cells as well as purified bait proteins. To have

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections commenced to increment more rapidly. A person with HIV has an impotent immune system which is not able to fight infections such as tuberculosis. There are many ways to diagnose, prevent and treat the further spread of this disease.

ELISA or Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a biochemical technique used to check for the presence of a target protein of interest in an experimental sample and how much of protein is present (Voller et al, 1978). ELISA is considered an