Turks In The 13th Century

As the Seljuk empire was in decline in the late 1200s, the Ottomans began to take control of the Middle East and southeastern Europe. Their location in the northwestern corner of the peninsula enabled them "to expand westward and eventually take over the Bosporus and the Dardanelles" (Duiker 447). Furthermore, under their leader Orkhan, they established their first European base at Gallipoli. After his reign, his son Murad took on the throne. Under his rule, he "consolidated Ottoman power in the Balkans, set up a capital at Edirne and gradually reduced the Byzantine emperor to a vassal (Duiker 447).

The Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman, had started in the northwestern corner of the Anatolian Peninsula. The empire expanded rapidly, only to weaken again. The first visible decline

Influx of Turkic populations in Eurasia and Middle East resulting from the Mongol invasion gave rise to Turkic dynasties in the region and eventually to the Ottoman Empire

During the 17th to 18th century, The Roman Empire had gone through a cultural and religious metamorphous. Throughout this time, the roles of religion in the Islamic, Byzantine and Western European worlds altered the period of 600-750 with their similarities adhering to monotheism for one, and differences in regards to perspectives. These three cultures were all pretty diverse but they also shared some of the same roots and became heritors of the Roman Empire, built on different ideologies. The different ideologies of the Islamic, Byzantine and Western European worlds, consisted of different founders, places, and elements of worship, thus portraying how religion was indeed prominently central to governmental and social structures because of the large impact towards political laws.

In the 13 century, the Middle East was controlled mainly by non-Arab dynasty. In fact, the Mongol horde vanished the Abbasid in the battle of Bagdad as mentioned by John green in his video “Wait For it…The Mongols!” .The Mongol empire will become the bigger unified territorially empire of all history (British empire was an Maritime empire, Thalassocracy ).The Ayoubide (Kurdish dynasty) overthrow the Fatimid’s and took Egypt. In North Africa, Berber dynasty rise, such as the Almohades. In Anatolia, Turkish clan had established independent state. They migrated because of the call of Muslim sultan to fight the Mongol (BBC) .The Ottoman was one of this clan and it will become the strongest Empire that humanity known. Both Mongols and Ottomans had a huge impact in Arabic speaking lands politically, economically, religiously and socially.

In any event, there are different understandings of the same facts. In every subject, an author’s opinion or point of view can completely alter the narrative. This investigation will concentrate on examining the various historical narratives on what contributed most significantly to the Muscovy accession during the centuries of Mongol domination. There are three significant viewpoints on what contributed most to this accession. The first perspective often held by traditionalists dismissed that the Mongol conquest of Rus ', accounted for the rise of Muscovy instead it was ordained. The second viewpoint cites Mongol influence accounting for the Muscovite rise. The final viewpoint prevalent in the nineteen century acknowledges that the Muscovy accession occurred in part because of borrowing institution from the Mongols, but do not deem this borrowing as a positive result for the Muscovites.

A. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders 1. Mongols defeated the Seljuks during themed 13th century a. Ottomans became the dominant empire 2. Invaded the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries 3. In 1453, Ottomans attacked the Byzantine Empire and took control of Constantinople 4.

The presence of moral evil known as sin in God’s universe is one of the great questions that has puzzled the mind of man. More so, religious communities interpret the concept of sin diversely through its representation throughout diverse sacred texts. Christianity explicitly teaches that sin is bred into adherents through the original sin which has corrupted the world; however Islam takes the view that believers are born free of sin and taking part in sinful behaviour is an act rather than a state of mind. Sin is interpreted by followers through the way leading figures like Jesus are shown teaching about it in various sacred texts. Follower’s attitudes are influenced, and perhaps challenged by these implications. In addition, interpretations

Like with many other empires in human history the Ottoman Empire seems to came out from nowhere. During the initial Ottoman expansion the Middle East and

Turkish people known as the Mughals extended their authority and their empire to much of the subcontinent.

The Ottoman Turks emerged on the periphery of the Byzantine Empire and the Saljuk Turks. Under a Turkish Muslim warrior named Osman, raids were conducted in western Anatolia on Byzantine settlements and a vast number of Turks were united under his banner. Those Turks who flocked to Osman's banner and followed him into the history books came to be called the Ottomans. The word Ottoman, fits these Turks well as it roughly translates from Turkish as "those associated with Oman."

Islam has been a dominant force throughout Turkish history. During the Ottoman Empire, Islam ruled every part of the theocratic state, but after the demise of the empire, Turkey's rulers led the country away from political Islam. The modern Turkish state has a strictly secular government, and Islam has been relegated to the personal sphere. Although Turkey has experienced a rise in fundamentalism in the past twenty years, the separation of church and state has remained relatively intact. Even with this increase of fundamentalist Islam, the wide majority of Muslims in Turkey are moderate and tolerant. They have adapted to modern life and value Islam for its moral and spiritual messages. Islam is a guide for right living and ethical

First, the Ottomans had many successful campaigns in foreign countries. The first successful campaign that was important to the rise of the Empire was the capture of Adrianople in 1361 under Orhan Gazi I. This made the Byzantines change their view and think of the Ottomans as a rising threat. Later, by in 1430, the Sultan Murad II invaded and conquered land in Hungary and the Balkans. Murad’s son, Mehmed II, became the next Sultan and had one of the most significant campaigns for the Ottomans. In 1453, Mehmed II took advantage of the shrinking Constantinople.

The history of turkey is a very long and detailed one. Turkey was originally settled by groups of farmers probably thousands of years ago. Today, historians call these people the Hittites. During their time, the Hittites were ruled by kings, and had their high officials buried in shaft tombs. Shortly after the Hittites moved in, Indo-Europeans moved into the area, and formed the kingdom of the Hittites, with the capital being Hattusa. The kingdom survived for hundreds of years. However

The Ottomans were initially composed of Turkish tribes who gained most of their power between the 15th and 16th century, however the empire had been growing since the 13th through the accumulation of new territory. Their quick expansion was accomplished through winning many battles. The empire started out in Iran and Mesopotamia, but eventually came to conquer parts of Turkey and Thrace in the 13th century, Bulgaria, eastern Europe, and Constantinople in the 14th century, western Asia and southeast Europe in the 15th century, and Crete in the 16th century before their decline.