Abstract-This paper presents the approach to analyze the ultrasound images of the patients suffering from Cholelithiasis. The occurrence of Cholelithiasis is the commonest biliary disease to be reported in India. Our research is aimed to apply the potential of image processing in diagnosing the presence of gall bladder stones. In this paper we propose a technique, a combination of preprocessing morphological techniques and Entropy calculation of the pixels representing gallstones in the gall bladder.
Keywords-Cholelithiasis, entropy calculation, image processing, morphological techniques, preprocessing
INTRODUCTION
Gallstone diseases are one of the most common biliary diseases, demanding a great progress in understanding the gallstones. The historical background of Cholelithiasis helps the researchers for easy classification of Gallstones. According to Japanese, there are two types of Gallstones are widely discussed: the Cholesterol stone, which is further of three types, the Pure Cholesterol stone, the Combination stone and the Mixed stone. Second is the Pigment stone, which is further classified as the Black stone and the Calcium Bilirubinate stone. The division line between Cholesterol and the pigment stones depends upon the proportion of Cholesterol. If the proportion of cholesterol is equal to or more than 70% then the stone is a Cholesterol stone; otherwise the stone is a pigment stone with calcium bilirubinate as its principal constituent. The purpose of this
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. Inflammation usually forms when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct that transports bile. Cholecystitis is the most common problem resulting from gallbladder stones (90% of the cases).
Before administration of any medication the patients chart should be looked at and varify that the patient has no allergies that could be related to said treatment or anything similar in their medical history. Also obtaining a baseline set of vitals prior to medication administration
The Cholera Years by Charles E. Rosenberg and A Shopkeeper’s Millennium by Paul E. Johnson initially viewed as two completely different and unrelated books, but upon examination they both deal with the social changes during the mid-nineteenth century and how the American society dealt with those changes. Rosenberg’s book focuses on the epidemics of cholera, primarily in New York City, and how during the three different epidemics society reacted differently to discover the cause and act upon the recommended solutions to combat and deal with the cholera disease. Johnson’s book discusses the early development of the city of Rochester, New York from 1815-1837 and the social reform movements that affected the city during this time period.
When I tell a person that I want to pursue a degree in Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound their first thought is babies. Which I don’t blame them because that is the part of ultrasound we are exposed most too. But ultrasound is so much more than just seeing an unborn baby. There are so many amazing things that ultrasounds can do. DMU is an imaging technique used to visualize the tissue structures/internal organs of the body by recording the returning reflections of ultrasonic waves with the purpose of pathology diagnosis. There are two names it goes by, ultrasound and sonography. These two terms are often used interchangeably. Ultrasound uses sound and acoustics to produce images that are then reflected back in real time.
Gallstones are solid formations that are created from the components found in the bile juice. Gall juice is a yellowish-green liquid that contains bile acids, cholesterol, bilirubin, metals and other metabolites. Accordingly, we distinguish cholesterol (stones with cholesterol), bilirubin (stones with bilirubin) and mixed.
The removed gallbladder was placed in a 10% formalin solution, to uphold the integrity of the specimen. It was labeled with patient’s name, date of birth, medical record number, surgeon, healthcare facility, type of specimen and date and time of specimen collection. This data was verified by the same scrub and scout nurses, for consistency and in
The previous prevention methods assumed the absence of cholera in New York City. However, Dr. North considered a situation in which cholera took hold of New York City, as had happened in 1832 and 1849, and asserted methods for prevention during such an epidemic. Personal cleanliness appeared as the paramount method of prevention during an epidemic, “the most careful observance of personal cleanliness, not only of the physician, but of the attendants, and so far as may be of the patients themselves” (North 21). Attention to this type of personal cleanliness followed North’s inclusion of various theories of cholera as a contagion and served to prevent its spread based on the possibility of contagion’s efficacy. North continued by recommending
The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, clinically known as Cholelithiasis, is a very common medical condition affecting most of the world’s population. It is mostly prevalent in the western countries. “In the U.S. alone, gallstones are present in 8-20% of the population by the age of 40” (University of Connecticut Medical Center, n.d.). Stones can come in varies sizes and two main types. This condition can present itself with absolutely no symptoms and completely go unnoticed but is most commonly diagnosed with the patient experiencing biliary colic. Ultrasound is considered most accurate in diagnosing stones. Treatment is completely dependent on the severity of the condition but most commonly
Diagnostic Medical Sonography or Ultrasound has advanced rapidly over the years and has a growing popularity. Ultrasound imaging can be seen in 2D, 3D and also 4D. Ultrasound is making it easier to diagnose conditions or simply see a picture of a fetus in a womb. Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to see images inside the body. Sonographers use ultrasound to see everything from a fetus to blood vessels. A sonographer is someone who is trained to perform these examinations. Ultrasound is a very safe way to view images inside the body because it doesn’t use radiation like x-ray. Therefore, it is safe to use on a pregnant female to view a fetus. Ultrasound is becoming a very common procedure. Mostly when people hear
The case overview states that the patient was referred to Dr. Freeman for a consult because of complications with gallstones.
Cholelithiasis (also called gallstones) is a form of gallbladder disease in which gallstones form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is an organ that stores bile. Bile is made in the liver, and it helps digest fats. Gallstones begin as small crystals and slowly grow into stones. Gallstone pain occurs when the gallbladder contracts and a gallstone is blocking the duct. Pain can also occur when a stone passes out of the duct.
By then a cure is infrequently imaginable by then. As a rule after an individual is diagnosed with pancreatic malignancy they have went to the specialist in the wake of encountering weeks or even months of side effects. The doctor then takes in the story of the sickness, for example, the time of onset, nature and area of ache, and other therapeutic issues. In the midst of the physical exam the doctor may feel a mass in the mid-region and notice swollen in the lymph hubs in the neck, disillusioned skin, as well as skin weight reduction. The lab test may show confirm that bile stream is generally blocked as well as different irregularities. A doctor will regularly request imaging test, for example, Computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasound, and Computerized tomography angiography, or CT output is a scanner that takes various X-beam pictures and a machine remakes them into itemized pictures of within the mid-region. It helps the specialists make pancreatic growth judgment. Attractive echo imaging (MRI) utilizes attractive waves; a scanner then makes itemized pictures of the midriff, specifically the territory around the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Ultrasound is a kind of imaging test that has safe sound waves reflected off organs in the paunch. Positron discharge tomography (PET) sweep is a radioactive glucose infused into the veins that is consumed by disease cells. A
It is widely agreed upon in medicine that time is of the essence when it comes to diagnosis and treatment of disease. The pediatric disease, biliary atresia (BA) is no different in this regard, as it has been well accepted for several decades that the timely recognition and repair of BA is essential1. BA is a progressive, idiopathic disease characterized by extensive fibrosis of the extrahepatic biliary tree resulting in blockage of bile flow. BA is the most common cause of surgically correctable jaundice. It may also clinically manifest as scleral icterus, acholic stools, and urobilinogen; eventually leading to cirrhosis and hepatic failure if the disease is left untreated. BA is often fatal before the age of one year old if left untreated and as a result has become the most common indication for liver transplant in children1,2. The hypothesized pathogenesis of BA includes viral, immunologic, and genetic etiologies but currently no definitive cause for BA is known. The gold standard in diagnosing BA is intraoperative cholangiogram, which allows for direct progression to surgical correction of the anomaly if characteristic findings of BA are seen. The most common surgery performed in patients with BA is the Kasai Portoenterostomy (KP); which is intended to restore bile flow to the liver and proximal small bowel3,4. An early indication of a successful KP is resolution of jaundice demonstrating return of bile flow; the earlier in infancy this occurs the better the
The gallbladder is known for being a storage space for bile in the form of a pear that is partially accommodated in a shallow depression on the inferior area of the
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. If the gallbladder was damaged or dysfunctional there would be softer and more frequent stools. (Audesirk, T., & Audesirk, G. (1999). Retrieved November 21, 2015 from Chapter 29: Nutrition and Digestion. In Biology: Life on Earth (5th ed., p. 585, 586). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.) (General Surgery- Gallstones (Cholelithiasis). (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from