Urban Communities, A New Area For Change

From 1890 to 1920, cities in the United States experienced a rapid growth that was unprecedented in years previous. This growth was caused by a number of factors and resulted in both positive and negative consequences. Such factors included, industrialization, technological advances, migration and immigration. Although American cities greatly improved by the expeditious urbanization, these factors also developed numerous challenges including pollution, sanitation problems, a need for environmental reform, political corruption, overcrowding, high crime rates and segregation.

All in all the industrial revolution had a positive effect on society, accomplishing things many do not realize and creating a turn of events that would put the USA as the world power. New farming methods meant better diets, which lead to lower death rates. Efficient and useful inventions, as well as machinery, made it easier for people to work, and made more job opportunities, as well as enjoyment in the workplace. More and easier ways of travel became commonplace, such as railroads. In addition, as cities began to grow, streetlights provided safety at night, and our economy grew greatly. While some might argue that Industrialization had primarily negative consequences for society because it caused children to be used as workers and made school

Recent events that have highlighted racial tension in the United States have had even a larger number of opinions that vary regarding why the nation continues to struggle with such a challenging issue. In our text Chapter 6 titled “The City/Suburban Divide” (Judd & Swanstrom, 2015, p. 136) identifies a subject that very well may contribute to the tension. A reference to the “urban crisis” describes a landscape that is littered with “high levels of segregation, inequality and poverty, along with racial and ethnic tensions.” (Judd, et al., p. 165) Many scholars argue that the crisis was a result of the demographic changes the nation experienced following World War II as advancements in technology and infrastructure aided White Mobility. The term “White Flight” has been used to describe a massive relocation early in the twentieth century when the White Middle-Class population left the cities for suburban areas following the great migration.

Midyear Essay Rewrite The expansion of trade led to the urbanization of Europe in the late Middle Ages through the development of towns, guilds, and the rise of education. Urbanization is the process by which cities form and expand. As trade expanded, a city's popularity could grow and more merchants would want to travel there to receive more business and customers.

Between the 18th century and the end of the Industrial Revolution, English cities began to see a rapid increase in urbanization and development. Great Britain, proud to show their economic splendor, hosted the Great Exhibition of 1851. This was a showcase of British industrial power, and was the first of a chain of World Fairs that let the wealthier countries show their wealth for all to see. It can be seen on document six, a map of the city of Manchester, that between 1750 and 1850 there was massive growth, industrialization, and restructuring including new railroads and canals. Document 8, an excerpt from Manchester in 1844, describes how the town of Hyde only had 800 total residents at the beginning of the 19th century, while in 1843 there

In Chapter 2 of the text “Slavery, Emancipation, and Class formation in colonial and Early National New York” explores the centrality of slave labor and race to the development of class relations in colonial and early national New York City. In the 1600’s slave labor was noted as the central point to New York’s colonial economy and to the survival of European culture. The North colonial economy relied more heavily on slavery for free laborer than Manhattan. As a result of the slave era African American males and females became to central force and the foundation of New Yorkers ‘slave economy. Between 1600 and 1738 the slave population

Washington, D.C. is rapidly changing in front of the citizen’s eyes. It is becoming a victim of “The Plan,” a theoretical conspiracy plan construed by whites to take over D.C.’s real estate, physical space, and politics. Gentrification in Washington, D.C. can essentially be defined as a shift in the community to attract and accommodate newcomers at the expense of the current inhabitants. In Washington, four neighborhoods are currently in the process of gentrification: Barry Farm, Lincoln Heights/Richardson Dwellings, Northwest One and Park Morton. These particular neighborhoods were specifically targeted by the government for their high crime rates, significant population of impoverished citizens, and inclusion of a certain economic class.

According to Census data, 35% of people who live in the Urban Suburbs have at least Rural undergraduate degree. Tailing close behind are the big cities, with about 32% having a bachelor degree. Rural America however lags far behind with less than 20% having earned a bachelor degree (Press 2014). In 2017, The New York Times reported, that 29% of rural college-age teens were enrolled in college in comparison to 47% of urban college -age teens (Denby, 2018). There is no denying that rural America is consistently underrepresented in participation of higher education compared to their urban counterparts. In this paper, I will argue that that there is a clear opportunity gap that influences rural students in

In comparison with John Dewey's quote “The self is not something ready-made, but something in continuous formation through choice of action, CA Johnson High School and its feeder schools embedded in the gentrified area would in all probability acknowledge that reconstruction of the Saxon Homes community did not harvest a ready-made school's capable of immediately producing proficient results on state standardized test. In alignment with the earlier integration schools highlighted in Jennifer Burns Stillman study entitled Tipping In: School Integration in Gentrifying Neighborhoods, the schools directly surrounding Celia Saxon, provided statistics on their demographics that also suggest that only one “racial group dominates the school’s culture.”

Beginning in the 1960s, middle and upper class populations began moving out of the suburbs and back into urban areas. At first, this revitalization of urban areas was "treated as a ‘back to the city' movement of suburbanites, but recent research has shown it to be a much more complicated phenomenon" (Schwirian 96). This phenomenon was coined "gentrification" by researcher Ruth Glass in 1964 to describe the residential movement of middle-class people into low-income areas of London (Zukin 131). More specifically, gentrification is the renovation of previously poor urban dwellings, typically into condominiums, aimed at upper and middle class professionals. Since the 1960s, gentrification has appeared in

In 1814, the Quadruple Alliance composed of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain finally defeated France. They meet at the Congress of Vienna, and agreed to fashion a general peace settlement. In 1815, the main ideas of liberalism are the individual freedoms, such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom, of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest (Mckay et al., 2012). In contrast, the principal ideas of nationalism are the idea that each “people had its own genius and its own specific unity, and they are often led to the desire for an independent political state” (Mckay et al., 2012). A few years later, Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859), Austrian Foreign Minister from 1809 to 1848) believed in absolute

Currently, policymakers are mostly concerned with the economic impacts a policy will have. While economic factors are important when evaluating and analyzing policies, there needs to be more of an emphasis on the social impacts policies have, especially when it comes to community development policies. Although it is not the only issue with currently popular community development policies, gentrification is one of the most problematic and enlightening conflicts of our time. The core issue with gentrification is it does not benefit the people who are most marginalized in the city. One can argue it improves neighborhoods by bringing business development, improving housing, and increasing median incomes, but these benefits do nothing to help the

The implementation of gentrification as an economic strategy exhibits a break from the liberal urban policy present in the United States up until the 1970s, as well as a restructuring of the relationship between capital and the state. This departure from liberal urban policy occurred due to the development of a new neo-liberal urbanism¬– an urban form where the state becomes a partnered agent of the capitalist market rather than a regulator. This transformation was made possible through the disempowerment of original liberal urban policy. Public policy constraints on gentrification were replaced by a subsidized private-market shift of the urban built environment. As a result, neo-liberal urbanism has fueled gentrification through a systematic partnership of public planning with private capital.

Development in any city is a good idea that is sometimes handled in a bad way. This often-quick development leads to gentrification. Living in the Bay Area residents notice the changes in the city both large and small ways. Changes such as childhood businesses closing or losing the recognition of a place they have grown up living in. San Francisco, in particular, has become at risk to gentrification in different districts causing lower income or even middle-class residents to struggle to pay rising rent costs. The rise in rent is not only seen in San Francisco but other cities in the Bay Area such as South San Francisco.

New Urbanism, a burgeoning genre of architecture and city planning, is a movement that has come about only in the past decade. This movement is a response to the proliferation of conventional suburban development (CSD), the most popular form of suburban expansion that has taken place since World War II. Wrote Robert Steuteville, "Lacking a town center or pedestrian scale, CSD spreads out to consume large areas of countryside even as population grows relatively slowly. Automobile use per capita has soared, because a motor vehicle is required for nearly all human transportation"1. New Urbanism, therefore, represents the converse of this planning ideology. It stresses traditional planning, including multi-purpose zoning,