Validity And Satisfaction

In the article, Is Facebook Making Us Lonely by Stephen Marche, the author claims that social media makes people become lonely. Marche’s article conducted vast amounts of research to support his claim. He presented many strong points in his article about on people becoming lonely due to the effects of social media. Although this article presented data on his claim of the increasing number of people becoming isolated, this article shows irrelevant research the data doesn’t necessarily prove his statement that social media is the cause of people’s loneliness, which consequently weakens his claim. that weakens his argument because the data doesn’t proveon people becoming isolated without the use of social media. which weakens his argument.

What’s more, in the article, the author shows us many other researchers and examples from the professional study prove his topic “Is Facebook making us lonely." For example, Moira Burke concludes that the effect of Facebook depends on what people bring to it. And her research does not support the assertion that Facebook creates loneliness.

The goal of this study was to measure interpersonal attraction as a means of determining whether or not there was a social stigma associated with different loneliness states and race. The dependent variable in this study was the interpersonal attraction rating while the loneliness state and race were the independent variables. Both race and loneliness state had the potential to impact the interpersonal attraction rating of the characters. According to the results from this study, the null hypothesis had to be rejected. There was a significant difference between lonely and nonlonely states. The first alternate hypothesis predicted that lonely people would exhibit less interpersonal attraction than nonlonely people. This could be accepted. However, the second alternate hypothesis could not be accepted because there was no significant difference between Hispanic and White conditions, despite that the hypothesis predicted that Hispanics would be judged more harshly. The third and fourth alternate hypotheses, which predicted that the Hispanic condition would be less likeable in both loneliness states, could not be accepted based on the data of this study. By accepting the first alternate hypothesis, the researchers uphold the findings of Lau and Gruen (1992). Their data indicated that there was a greater social stigma associated with lonely people than nonlonely people. While Lau and Gruen (1992) found that the stigma interacted with gender, lonely women were judged more harshly

People no longer remember phone numbers, spend time outside, or indulge in the moment to its full potential because they place their focus on building their online profile and getting attention from others. However, this can affect people’s mental health. According to Mikel Theobald’s website article “Depression and Social Media,” he states, “when you spend long periods of time on social media, time taken away from other activities that might encourage better emotional health, like exercising, meeting up with friends, and engaging in other activities that provide pleasure” (Theobald, 1). Theobald is arguing that people are over involved with social media that it takes away time from doing pleasurable things. The decrease in pleasurable activities results in loneliness, which leads to depression. Social media detaches people from reality and causes them to isolate themselves at home and fawn over other people’s online personas. In addition, people who feel that they do not receive enough “likes” or “reposts” on their social media accounts have lower self esteems, and allow their minds to occupy thoughts about how they are not good enough, or how unpopular they believe themselves to

In the article "Is Facebook making us lonely?'' published in May 2012, Stephen Marche reports that the use of social media has detached people from one another, makes them lonelier, and makes them encourage solitary living. Marche explains that the high use of social media has increased the quantity in the intensity of human loneliness which can make the users miserable, unhappy with their lives, deteriorate their health, decrease their confidant, and eventual causes untimely death. He states that people now live in an accelerating contradiction: the more connected they become, the lonelier they are. He reports that Facebook is interfering with our real friendships, distancing us from each other, making us lonelier; and that social networking might be spreading the isolation it seemed designed to conquer. In addition, Marche states that the effect of loneliness has created multiple research and increase professional careers.

Are people still feeling lonely even though they are connected online? Stephen Marche, in his article " Is Facebook Making Us Lonely ?", explains the correlation between using Facebook and loneliness. Facebook has been used worldwide for a long time and it has always been an interesting topic to debate on. Some people argue that Facebook is harmful by isolating people from others around, and that using Facebook might make people less satisfied, sadder and lonelier than ever before. Conversely, I and other people think this most popular social network is great, it makes the world more open and connected. Facebook is useful, it does not separate or make people lonely because Facebook is just a tool and everything depends on how it is used.

In the surveys and randomized controlled trials, validity, reliability and generalizability are three key factors.

According to the Bonferroni principle, significance in this study would be indicated by a p-value of 0.0033 or lower given the alpha level of 0.05 and the fact that 15 individual measures were taken/t-tests performed (0.05/15=0.0033). As 0.002 < 0.0033, this result is significant the groups can be said to have a significant difference in Mental Health. 3) A t-value of -1.99, which was the calculated statistic for the Health Functioning measure in this study and corresponds to a study-bound p-value of 0.049, does not indicate a significant difference in these populations. Though the p-value is slightly lower than the study-wide alpha value of 0.05, the division of this value amongst the 15 measures according to the Bonerroni principle that works to reduce Type I errors means each test-specific alpha value is 0.0033.

Validity and reliability are two critical aspects of approving and validating the quantitative research. Also, reliability and validity are fundamental psychometric properties (Tang, 2015). Reliability is a form of reproducibility and internal consistency. Retesting reliability deals with the instrumental score is costing estimate that does not change (Tang, 2015). Interclass correlation and Kappa statistics are two different scores that can be used to test reliability. However, internal consistency is more concern with the interrelatedness of items within a multi-item scale. Another form of scale score is the Cronbach’s alpha. The Cronbach’s alpha is used to examine the internal consistency of the scale and each of the factors (Chaudhary, Rangnekar, & Barua (2013). Reliability in quantitative research consists of producing the same results under same measurements. Reliability is also known to display results when an experiment is repeated numerous of times using same methodological conditions, which is similar to validity. Both validity and reliability require a researcher to analyze data to ensure accuracy.

Validity refers to the believability or credibility of a research (No author, 2018). The data was valid as multiple trials were conducted (5 trials) and it was a fair test so therefore it must also be reliable. Reliability is the repeatability and the quality of being trustworthy or of performing well (Oxford, 2018). The factors that effected the validity and reliability of the results included were there were only three different pH solutions (pH 4, pH 7, pH1 0) used in this experiment which does not give an accurate result on which pH is the optimum pH for enzyme action. The range of pH values, at which catalase works is approximately 4 to 9, therefore more different types of pH’s should have been used in order to narrow on the exact pH value that causes the most enzyme action. The error bars in figure 1 and 2 represents the uncertainty or error of the corresponding coordinate of the point.

Loneliness is often not considered as a risk to a person physical health. People are subject to loneliness at all stages of life, but it is more frequent for the elderly. The effects of the lack of companionship or the perception of it could represent bad consequences of the health state of older people. In today’s American society it is very common that the elder people is left in nursery homes so the family does not have to actually take care of them and not feel guilt about it. Even though at the nursery homes they are well taken care of, they can experience a great amount of loneliness because of the lack of close contact with their family. I will explore the effects of loneliness and its relations to health risk on the last stage of life. My research will analyze how people experience loneliness and their unconscious physical reaction to it. The case study from which my research is stating out is known as The Roseto effect. Around 1960s the Italian community of Roseto, Pennsylvania, had a heart attack rate of half the average on the rest of the communities around them. Researchers found that the only factor different between the Roseto people and the people of the other communities was the lack of loneliness on the Rosetans. Over the years the community “Americanize” and stated to have isolated individuals that were stressing out with American life and drifted away from the close community; as a result of this by 1992 the Rosetans had the same heart attack rates as the rest. In my research I want to explore and explain both sides of the Roseto effect, having a close community and low

The researcher found that his Cronbach’s Alpha was .749, which, is reasonably high and high enough to be considered valid (above .700). This means that the CHS had enough validity in its analysis to measure a person’s overall level of happiness compared to other participants. Based on the demographic information that was collected, there were many more women then men who took the survey. The demographic information also concluded that there was many more Caucasian that took the survey compared to other ethnicities. Both of these problems could have reduced the amount of validity of the researcher 's analysis. The researcher however, did not separate respondents statistics based on demographic because it was not deemed essential in measuring a person’s overall level happiness.

Everyone wishes to achieve complete fulfillment, but what makes up fulfillment for each person often differs. In theory, everyone is chasing the same state of being, fulfillment, but people have different perceptions of what fulfillment is. Many philosophers have debated the idea of reaching fulfillment, and many of them disagree on what human fulfillment truly consists of. Some believe that fulfillment can fully be realized in this life, while others believe that it cannot be achieved in this life, and can only be achieved in a next life. In The Handbook, Epictetus, claims that fulfillment can be reached in this life, because human fulfillment consists of tranquility, which can be maintained in this life. On the contrary, in the Summa Theologica, Thomas states that fulfillment consists in the vision of the divine essence, which cannot be fully actualized in this life, so we cannot reach complete fulfillment in this life according to Thomas. Ultimately, each persons definition of what happiness and fulfillment is will determine if it can attained in this life or only in a next life. Fulfillment is different for each person, and if you believe it can be reached in this life, than it is possible for you to be happy in this life. However, if you believe you can only reach fulfillment in a next life, than it will not be possible for you to be happy in this life. Each persons interpretation of fulfillment can change over time, but the

Not surprisingly, loneliness has been shown to have a significant negative impact on quality of life and health. Being lonely has a strong and lasting effect on blood pressure, with studies revealing that lonely individuals have higher blood pressure than their less lonely peers. Luanaigh and Lawlor, members of the Mercer’s Institute of Research in Aging located at St. James Hospital in Dublin, Ireland, have found this to be true in individuals regardless numerous factors, which include age, gender, race, cardiovascular risk factors, medications, health conditions and the effects of depressive symptoms.(Luanaigh and Lawlor) Loneliness may also affect a person’s mental state and mortality. In Pitkala et al’s research, done from Helsinki University Central Hospital at University of Helsinki, Finland, loneliness is associated with depression and higher rates of mortality(Pitkala). Amazingly, the influence of social relationships on the risk of death is shown to be comparable with other well-established risk factors for mortality such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Additionally, this negative impact on an individual’s health may lead them to require a

To measure reliability and obtain these results of Cronbach’s alpha test. Three variables’ coefficient as follows: