1(i)High, because the appendix locates in abdominal cavity and near the right lower limb.
(ii)Low ,because the lungs locate in thoracic cavity.
(iii) Low,even though liver locates in abdominal cavity, it is not too near the right lower limb and it locates in epigastric region.
2. Vinca alkaloid molecules bind to the tubulin, preventing its formation. Tubulin in cells is to make spindle fibers which are microtubules. These microtubules provide cells with both flexibility and structure so they are flexible enough to divide and copy. Without spindle fibers, cells cannot divide. The vinca alkaloids prevent cancer cells from dividing successfully.As hair follicle cells need to divide continually in order to produce new cell that form hair
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(b)Pelvic bone or sternal bone
(c)In both blood of patient and donor, they have no AB antigens and both antibodies.Due to the different rhesus factor, the red blood cells of patent do not have antibodies to Rh factor as he is rhesus negative when the red blood cells of donor do have the Rh factor.But the red blood cell of the patient make antibodies to Rh factor when exposed to blood with rhesus positive, then it causes hemolysis so it is not suitable.
(d) Multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow or lymphatic tissue divide to produce specific stem cell such as myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. Differentiation separates lymphoid stem cells from myeloid stem cells. The myeloid stem cell differentiate to other cells, which become erythrocyte, platelets, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and neutrophils. The lymphoid stem cell gives rise to B lymphocyte which processes in bone marrow, T lymphocyte which processes in thymus and natural killer cell.
4(a) Eccrine sweat gland does not associate with hair follicles but sebaceous gland does.
(b) Eccrine sweat gland secrets sweat which contains waste and water but sebaceous gland secrets
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In bone,the calcium makes the bone stay strong so it can be hard enough to protect oragans like ribs protecting the heart , lung and enable it to provide support to our body like femur.In muscle, contraction and relaxation of the muscles occur due to quickly changing concentrations of calcium inside the muscle cells. Calcium will turned thin filament into an activated state through binding to troponin. The binding of between calcium and troponin changes its shape then the myosin binding sites on the actin are exposed so we can have movement and produce heat when the skeletal muscles contract. When the skin becomes broken, calcium works together with vitamin K and a fibrinogen in the clotting cascade.In contrast, without enough levels of calcium , blood will take longer to clot,then it will increase the chance of inflammation as the pathogens can get into body through the
The unique properties of stem cells are that they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for a long time. This means they can multiply as many times as they want and grow into lots of different types of cells. They are also under certain physiologic and experimental conditions. They can produce tissue or organ-pacific cells with special functions. There are three classifications of stem cells. There are Totipotent, Pluripotent and Multipotent. Each one of these classifies stem cells in a certain way. Totipotent cells can change into all cells types, Pluripotent cells can change into most cell types and Multipotent cells can change into certain cell types. There are two major types of stem cells, Embryonic and Adult. Although they are both major types of stem cells they are very different from each other. Embryonic stem cells can change into all types of cells and Adult stem cells can change only into certain types of cells. Embryonic stem cells are classified as Totipotent and Pluripotent. Adult stem cells are classified as Multipotent. Another reason why Embryonic and Adult stem cells are different is because they have
Stem cells are a special group of cells found in all multicellular organisms. What makes them unique and different from other cells is the fact that they are unspecialized and have the potential to differentiate into diverse cell types while still maintaining the ability to replenish themselves. Generally, these cells are divided into 2 broad categories – the embryonic stem cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and the adult stem cells that are harvested from the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood or the adipose tissue of an adult.
The first individual Mr. Green had antigens A, B and Rh present but no antibodies present thus concluding Mr. Green had AB+ type blood. AB+ blood can only be donated to those with the same blood type but can be recipient of any blood type (universal recipient). The second individual tested was Ms. Brown, her tests results indicated she had no antigens present on her blood which means she has antibodies A, B, and Rh in her blood. Ms. Brown’s blood type is O- making her a universal donor but can only be a recipient of O- blood during a transfusion. The third individual Mr. Smith had the presence of antigens A and Rh and antibodies B within his blood. Mr. Smith’s blood type is A+. People with A+ blood can only be a donor to people with A+ and AB+ blood, but can receive from blood types O+, O-, A+ and A-. The fourth and last individual tested was Mr. Jones his tests concluded he has B- type blood. Those results came from finding B antigens present as well antibodies A and Rh within his blood. Mr. Jones can donate blood to people with B+, B-, AB+
Stem cells are the first form of the cells of a multicellular organism and are undifferentiated cells. There are 3 different types of stem cells. This includes Embryonic stem cells, tissue-specific stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal.They can divide and produce cells that can to become more specific cell types, tissues or organs.
| The liver is located in the right upper quadrant and would elicit a dull percussion note.
All of these specialised cells originate from a single type of cell, stem cells. A stem cell is a cell that is not yet specialised. Before a stem cell can be specialised it must go through a process called differentiation and once the differentiation pathway of a stem cell has been decided, it can no longer become another type of cell. Different types of stem cells have different levels of potential. A stem cell that can become every type of cell in the body is called pluripotent and a stem cell that can become only some types of cells is called
Today, what I would like to talk about is stem cells, which is a kind of the most important cells because it is a foundation for the development and growth of other lots of different cell types. There are many other tissues they are working with internal repair system and they also can divide necessarily for supplement to other cells if they are still alive. But, the condition is different of stem cell, which has two major functions compare with other cell types, remaining a stem cell continually or transforming to other cells that have specialized functions like bone marrow cells, and they can divide and renew by themselves for a long time. Today, there are two main stem cells are used by scientists with many different ways: embryonic stem
Stem cells are unique cells because of their special features. First of all, they are able to regenerate themselves through the process of cell division. Each time this process happens, each new cell created can become another type of cell. Secondly, if they undertake some conditions, they can become tissue and organ cells. There are two main types of stem cells that are being looked today, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells (Also known as somatic stem cells). However, all stem cells have three main functions.
There are two types of cells: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are produced when a
As we discussed in the previous lecture, although the process is costly, the study of stem cells has been an ongoing progression over the last three decades. Stem cells are cells that have the ability to perform self-renewal and divide without undergoing cell differentiation. That means each stem cell can renew itself or differentiate into a specialized cell. There are three differentiation of stem cell: totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent
Stem cells are defined by their capacity to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lines; they are divided into two main groups: Embryonic stem cells and Adult stem cells (Behr et al., 2010).
The number of cells is closely regulated by the rate of cell division and the rate of cell death. When cells become unneeded, they activate an intracellular death program and commit suicide. This process is often known as apoptosis. Cells die for numerous reasons. For instance, cell death regulates cell numbers and can adjust the number of cells needed for a particular function. When a structure a cell forms is no longer needed, the cell will die. Cells can become damaged or stressed and trigger an activation from within the cell to kill itself. Proteolytic enzymes called capases mediate apoptosis by triggering cell death by cleaving proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The triggering process is initiated by death signals by either extracellular or intracellular signals. Response to signals coming from
Calcium is essential for skeletal bone and muscle health and function and helps strengthen bones and joints and can help prevent conditions such as arthritis and osteoporosis.
The secretory glands (apocrine, sebaceous and eccrine) in the skin are responsible for human perspiratory excretion [Champod & Lennard 2004; Lee & Gaensslen 2001]. Each secretory gland excretes and secretes
Blood typing is one of the tests that will determine a person’s blood type. Although, all blood is made of the same basic elements but they are not same by their blood typing. In fact, there are eight different common blood types. Based on certain substances of antigen presence or absence and Rh factors we will able to identify the person blood types. Those substances can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Blood typing is important when you need a blood transfusion or planning to have an organ transplant. As we know not all blood types are compatible due to their antigen and antibodies they have. Since some antigens can react with person immune system to attack the donor blood, It is very important to know the person’s blood typing and cross-matching to ensure that your body doesn’t make antibodies to attack the donor blood or organ. Blood typing is especially important to pregnant mothers when the mother is Rh- and the father has Rh+ and a child born with Rh positive. So, it is important to be an early cautious in order to avoid reactive consequences. In the medical sector small mistake can take patient life. In this lab experiment though using the anti A serum, anti B serum, and anti Rh serum, we were able to identify the blood types of each sample that we had.