What Is Meant by Externalities? How Have Oil Companies in Trinidad and Tobago Employed Solutions to Externalities as Part of Their Corporate Social Responsibilities (Csr)?

Since externalities of education exist in many forms, there are several positive externalities including "¦

British Petroleum (BP) is of one of the world 's largest energy companies, providing its customers with

Critical evaluate the effects of corporate social responsibility activities on financial performance in UK retailing industry?

In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit that influences a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit. Moreover, negative externality accrues when the production or consumption of a good cause harmful influence to a third party, sometimes these effects are indirect and tiny. However, when they are large, they can become problematic. Furthermore, in the case of pollution, usually an example of a negative externality, a polluter makes resolutions based particularly on the direct cost and profit opportunity from production and

Transnational corporations are companies who’s business activities have an influence on economic, social, and environmental outcomes in more than one country. There are some similarities in principles, expectations, and motives between countries regarding these matters, however there are also some differences too. This makes it vital for companies to consider these issues, in order to be socially responsible on an international scale as well as a national scale. (Boddy 2012) states that corporate social responsibility “refers to the awareness, acceptance and management of the wider responsibilities of organisations”. Producers and suppliers to transnational corporations are in some cases regarded as a wider responsibility of transnational corporations, as it is the dealings between the two parties that lights up a variety of topics to review. The aim of this piece of work is to talk about the main factors that transnational corporations need to consider when dealing with producers and suppliers, and their respective communities, in order to be socially responsible, by reviewing previous literature of accredited scholars and researchers. This involves the fairness of how transnational corporations deal with producers and suppliers, and also, the thoughts towards exploitation of labour by suppliers in poor countries.

The external factors include government sector, natural sector, economic conditions, technology sector, and financial resources. All of these factors will play a role in how the organization plans and operates and executes their

An Externality is when costs or benefits of certain activities spill or fall into third parties that have nothing to do with the initial situation in hand; its like a side effect or consequence of an activity that affects other parties who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.

Externalities: Means that the actual economic activity, can affect the non-market producers and consumers activities for the rest of the producers.This could get good effect, also can become harm, including benefits will be called the influence of the external benefit or positive externalities. Is bad influence will be called external cost is not economic or negative externalities. Sometimes also can produce excess supply this kind of phenomenon, it will lead to the internalization of externalities.The government will increase the cost or in the form of tax, reduce

The pollution (smog) is an externality, as the pollution from the factories imposed a cost on people who may have been neither consumers nor producers of these items. This is a legitimate externality because the property rights of air are not assigned to anyone. It would be efficient to allow the factories to pollute if the value of operating the factory was greater than the pollution cost imposed on the general public in

Economist Arthur Pigou stated that an externality is the ,” costs imposed or benefits conferred on others that are not taken into account by the person taking the action” (Pigou AP, 1920). The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines an externality as a secondary or unintended effect(Merriam-Webster, 1978). In other words an externality in economics happens whenever two parties are engaging in business and a bystander is affected by the action that they had no part of being in. These actions can either be beneficial or harmful to a third party.

Externalities are common in virtually every area of economic activity. They are defined as third party (or spill-over) effects arising from the production and/or consumption of goods and services for which no appropriate compensation is paid.

An externality is a consequence of an economic activity experienced by unrelated third parties; it can be either positive or negative (Mankiw, 2012).

An externality can be defined as the impact that one persons’ decision has on another person. Externalities may be determined as positive or negative depending on the outcome of the impact they have on an individual or a group of people. In the airline industry transaction of a buyer and seller directly affect a third party both positively and negatively. Banks and credit card companies could be affected positively through interest rates charged to card holders for the transaction. However, there could be a negative affect if card holders do not pay their bill i.e. loss of funds, incurred legal expenses and so forth. Additionally, third parties are affected negatively by air pollution, greenhouse emissions, carbon emissions and environmental taxation. Positive externalities include government intervention to reduce market failure from negative externalities, counter terrorism measures, public safety, generation of tourism, and lowered pollution levels.

The externality is the cost or the benefit that will affects someone who is not in the part of the cause of the cost or benefit. In other words, externalities are the effect caused by a certain party, which influence the people who are outside of the party.

externalities prices on both sides are lower, and the number of consumers on both sides is