What´s Bacillus Subtilis?

There are many reasons for knowing the identity of microorganisms. The reasons range from knowing the causative agent of a disease in a patient, so as to know how it can be treated, to knowing the correct microorganism to be used for making certain foods or antibiotics. This study was done by applying all of the methods that I have been learned so far in the microbiology laboratory class for the identification of an unknown bacterium.

Morganella morganii is a gram-negative bacillus with no special arrangement. It is the third member of the tribe Proteeae. This bacterium was first discovered in the year 1906 by a British bacteriologist by the name of He. De R. Morgan. In the late year of 1939, the bacterium was named Proteus morganii, and again changed some years later due to findings that this bacterium did not obtain the ability to ferment all carbohydrates like the genus Proteus was capable of doing. Instead, researchers found the bacterium to have the capabilities of ferment only glucose and therefore its name had been changed one final time to Morganella (its own genus) morganii. While testing M. morganii, findings show that it has its own special characteristics that differ from the usual Proteea. M. morganii does not swarm on a nutrient agar plate like the typical Proteus would. It also does not produce the black precipitate found in Hydrogen Sulfide gas tests. M. morganii produces phenylalanine deaminase, which is the enzyme that wipes out the amino group, resulting in a phenyl pyruvic acid. It is a facultative anaerobe meaning that it is capable of producing energy in the form of ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present in its environment. If oxygen is not present in the environment, the bacteria is fully capable of producing energy in anaerobic environments as well. Morganella morganii can be found in the soil, water, and feces. The bacteria is a common resident to the

The unknown bacteria B22 contained an opaque white, circular colony, along with an irregular margin on the initial inoculated agar plate. The broth characteristics included growth with the presence of a flocculent and all around cloudiness; however, the slant characteristics included just a spreading edge. After the bacterium identified to be gram positive, a blood agar plate identified the bacteria to have gamma hemolysis capabilities; additionally, the mannitol salt agar identified the bacterium to indeed ferment the mannitol and the urease enzyme was as well identified from the urea agar. Subsequently, the phenol red mannitol broth showed no mannitol fermentation and the phenol red glucose broth showed fermentation with acid and no gas

Abstract: Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus are the two species of blacklegged ticks that act as vectors of transmission of the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi to small mammals or human host, which cause Lyme disease in humans, also known as Lyme borreliosis (cdc.gov 2016; Qiu et al. 2002). After the pathogen’s initial entry through the skin, it proliferates in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid; Borrelia burgdorferi has also been seen in much smaller quantities in the following locations: ‘myocardium, retina, muscle, bone, spleen, liver, meninges, and brain’, which is the primary cause of more severe secondary symptoms of untreated infection (cdc.gov 2016; Steere 2004).

L-Bacilysin can be produced by many strains of Bacillus subtilis using the enzyme bacilysin synthetase. Bacitracin is another antibiotic that can be produced using the enzyme bacitracin synthetase from Bacillus licheniformis. Aminoacyl Adenylate is an intermediate in synthesis of antibiotic tyrocidin by using the enzyme phenylalanine racemase from Bacillus brevis. Tyrocidin was the first commercially available peptide antibiotic and it is effective against mainly gram positive bacterial infections .Phenylalanyl Adenylate is a precursor of the antibiotic gramicidin and can be synthesized using gramicidin synthetase from Bacillus brevis .Gramicidin exhibits anti-microbial activity and so is used on the skin as a lotion or ointment and treatment of infected surface wounds and in eye, nose and throat

A sputum sample given from an infected patient for observation and diagnosis is likely related to three possible microorganisms with their genera being of; Bacillus, Escherichia or Mycoplasma. To identify the microorganisms we have to identify them. The genera Bacillus is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacteria and form one long twisted chain of cells. Escherichia is gram-negative and rod-shaped and is part of the normal flora in the lower GI tract. Mycoplasma lack a cell wall and form colonies (Tortora, 2014).

Among gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis has been developed as an attractive host for the expression of foreign proteins with pharmacological or immunological activities. In contrast to gram-negative E.coli, this bacterium contains no lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer cell membrane. In addition, it has a naturally high secretory capacity and exports proteins directly into the extracellular medium, which simplifies downstream

In 1900 Walter Reed and the Board excluded filth as the route for infection, found that Sanarelli’s yellow fever bacillus was the familiar hog cholera organism, and showed that the virus was transmittable to the female mosquito from an affected patient only during the first two to three days of the course of the illness. The mosquito then must incubate the virus for about two weeks before her bite could infect a susceptible

This strategy can be employed to study enzymes from other Gram-positive organisms with ease. It

Bacteria of the Bacillus genus are known to be rod shaped and are usually motile. They are endospore-forming and obligate aerobes, which means that these cells need oxygen to live. Bacillus are Gram-variable. They all begin as Gram positive; however, after time and aging of these cells, there is a decrease in peptidoglycan which is why they are considered gram variable. These cells can be arranged in a variety of different ways, including chains, pairs, and singles. The Bacillus genus consists of approximately 370 different species (Priest et al., 1988). However, of all those 370 species, the only two that are pathogenic to humans are Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus. Not only does the Bacillus genus affect humans, but there are some

Tuberculosis is a chronic necrotizing granulomatous disease/ infection caused by the acid-fast bacillus (AFB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a group of rod-shaped organisms, as small as 2 to 4 micrometres. They are known as "acid-fast" bacteria because of their resistance to acid solutions in laboratory tests. Isolating and identifying tuberculosis bacilli was impossible until this attribute was understood and hence gave rise to alternative and new testing techniques. Tuberculosis most commonly attacks targets the lungs, and in cases of extra pulmonary sites, it targets the pleura, bones, lymph nodes and joints.

During phase 1, I contacted management at Vitazyme, Seacrop, and Drammatic and acquired written permission for use of their products in research. Danielle Gibbs ordered Pseudomonas fluorescens (Item# 155255A) and Bacillus subtilis (Item # 154921A) MicroKwik Culture®, Vials from Carolina Biological Supply; and Bacillus licheniformis (Cat# 23-001-865) KWIK-STIK™ from Fisher Scientific. The bacteria were rehydrated, inoculated into selective broths, diluted to fifty percent with glycerol, and transferred into cryptic vials at negative eighty degrees Celsius.

Beta lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that give bacteria resistance to beta lactams, the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics, such as cephalosporins and carbapenems. They act by hydrolyzing the four-member lactam ring of beta lactams, rendering them inactive.

Bacitracin is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic that was first discovered in 1945 by Johnson et al. and is produced as a mixture of different similar peptides by certain strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus lichenformis. The main compound is bacitracin A and its structure can be seen in Figure X. (Johnson 1945, Strominger 1971, Konz 1997). It is produced nonribosomally by a multienzyme complex composed of the three bacitracin synthetases BA1-3 by a so called thiotemplate mechanism. In this mechanism, adenylated amino acids are activated by hydrolysis of AMP and added to the enzyme, where it is bound as a thioester on the covalently bound 4-phosphopentatheinyl-cofactor. The polypeptide is then produced in a series of transpeptidation reactions (Konz 1997).

and Sibirny AA., 2011). Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, cata-lase-positive and facultative aerobe bacteria, commonly present in soil as well as in animals’ gastrointestinal tract. It is used as a model organism for the study of chromosomal replication (Jakobs M. and Meinhardt F. 2015) and sporulation (Yano K. et al. 2015) and, besides riboflavin production, it’s also used in the industrial production of enzyme (Lan Thanh Bien T et al., 2014) and biopol-ymers (Ju WT. et al., 2014). The modelling (or computational) approach consists in gathering as many information as possible regarding the examined process and progressively, through the abstraction procedure, determining which part of them represents the variables in control of it and that is therefore fundamental to describe consistently such phenomenon. The composition and the size of this information subset depends on the abstraction level upon which we want to study the problem. The abstraction level is proportional to the number of different aspects of the process (for example, the different species participating) that we want to take in consideration, and so to the amount of complexity we want to describe the system with, and inverse proportional to the load of details incorporated in it. Later on, the development of a model concern