Influenza A Vaccine Analysis

When we hear the word virus, we usually think of something that makes us sick. A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The viral genome provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. To fight viruses, we use vaccines. While some may infect a broad range, other viruses can only infect certain kinds of cells. Vaccines are made of inactive, dead or weakened virus cells or protein antigens that can no longer infect

Influenza viruses are divided into three classes. These are A, B, and C. Influenza A and B are blamed for the increases in hospitalization and deaths each year. The aim of receiving an annual vaccine is to prevent spreading infections. Since flu outbreaks vary, it is recommended that individuals receive a vaccination for the flu

Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the flu season approaches, which starts around the October-November period and reaches its peak between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world- and in the U.S in particular- are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma, given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers have been doing in-depth intensive research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find new ways to control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.

Have you ever been in pain to where you feel like your whole body is aching along with a headache? Then, oddly your body temperature changes. One minute your hot then the next you're cold. Some people even have scratchy throats and a mild cough. Well all of these are signs that you might be coming down with the flu. This harsh and dreadful symptoms can be prevented by simply getting an influenza vaccination. To promote people getting the vaccine the government makes several ads a year to raise awareness to encourage people to make the responsible decision by getting the vaccination.

Six different batches of recombinant HVT-H5 avian influenza vaccines obtained from office of receiving samples in central laboratory for evaluation of veterinary biologics (CLEVB), Abbasia.

Seasonal influenza is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the industrialized world. The United States alone averages more than 23,000 influenza-associated deaths annually (Cortes-Penfield, 2014). Everyone is given the option to receive the flu vaccination each year. The vaccine is offered in health care facilities, clinics, and pharmacies around

The FDA approved in 2003 the commercialization of FluMist® (MedImmune) the first influenza vaccine with attenuated virus. This trivalent vaccine is administrated via intranasal spray because the virus replicates in cells lining the nasopharynx [21–23]. Use of live-attenuated vaccine has been limited to individuals two through forty-nine years of age based on a failed efficacy to prevent febrile illness in adults fifty through sixty five years of age [22]. As in the TIV the first step for the vaccine production is the generation of the viral seeds that presents the circulating HA and NA and six internal segments (PA, PB1, PB2, NS, NP, M) from the cold-adapted (ca) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 or ca B/Ann Arbor/1/66 (the master donor virus for LAIV (MDV)) [24, 25]. The manufacture of approved FluMist® is also based on the injection in embryonated eggs of the reassortant virus and the recovery of the allantoic fluid with the screening of the reassortant that grows well at 25ºC (cold-adapted) and present restricted growth (ta) at 37-39ºC and is attenuated (att). The vaccine is tested in the ferret model [22].

Illnesses have long haunted the human race. As long as these illnesses have existed, humans have developed ways to cure themselves, beginning with simple herbs and proceeding as far as vaccines and complex medicines. One cure that long eluded scientists was that of the influenza virus. Now, the influenza vaccine, or flu shot, saves thousands of lives a year and helps prevent serious complications resulting from influenza infection.

According to Healthy People 2020 a goal of theirs is to “increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infections.” The influenza virus is one of these preventable infections, which can cause serious harm to patients. The influenza virus is known as the “flu.” Everyone in his or her life has had some experience with the flu, whether that is himself or herself or a family member. What if there was a way to ensure people from contracting a strain of the influenza virus? Well, thanks to technology and medical research there is.

Influenza viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause both seasonal, endemic infections and periodic, unpredictable pandemics (Taubenberger

In order to assess the efficacy of vaccination, three weeks after final immunization mice were challenged by intranasal administration of an LD90 (dose lethal to 90% of mice) of mouse-adapted Influenza Virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in a total volume of 50 μl per mice under light anesthesia with Ketamine/Xylasine

Inactivated vaccines are typically produced using egg-based methods. The CDC releases a live-virus reference strand when the need for a vaccine is determined. The live-virus reference strand, also known as the seed virus strain, containing the suggested hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens is chosen based on the type of influenza that is most pertinent at the time; however, the process of determining the appropriate strain to use and the production of

The bird flu virus, also called avian influenza (flu), is a highly pathogenic type A virus which mainly infects the respiratory system in wild aquatic birds. This very contagious virus has also been known to sicken and kill domestic birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and other animals including people. (CDC, n.d.). Unlike the seasonal winter flu, where there is usually some immunity from previous exposure, vaccine is readily available, and the public health system can meet patient needs, the virulence of the avian influenza type A virus and its ability to infect people of all ages with various degrees of health, causes many concerns. Any introduction of a new virus into the human population with little or no immunity against it could

When exposing the mallard ducks to the highly pathogenic IAV (H5N1), there was an upregulation in some innate immunity genes; one of the highest upregulated gene was viperin (Virus inhibitory protein,

With a huge number of victims, 80 to 100 million, since 1918, the influenza is considered as one of the most pandemic diseases ever. There are three types of influenza virus: influenza virus A, influenza virus B, and influenza virus c. These are a subtypes of the virus family orthomyx-oviride. The types B and C do not cause pandemic diseases while type A does. The type A classified into three main subtype H1.N1, H1.N2, and H3.N2. The (H.N) refers to the two kinds of proteins on the surface of the virus (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase). The difference in numbers is due to the difference in protein variability. A H1.N1 virus which is widely known as Spanish flu is the only type that can transmit from human to human. The H5.N1, or “bird flu”