Why Did Hyperventilation Change The Subject's Ability To Hold Their Breath

PCO2 decreased during rapid breathing because more CO2 was removed from the blood than normal. Each breath expels a certain amount of CO2. If the breathing rate increases, then more CO2 is expelled.

Breathing Rate 2.6 2.9 3 2.8 TV(L) 2.9 3 2.9 2.9 Resting Values ERV(L) IRV(L) 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.8 RV(L) 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.6 Breathing Rate 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 TV(L) 4 4.3 4.4 4.2 Exercising Values ERV(L) IRV(L) 5.6 5.9 6 5.8 6.2 5.3 6.7 6.1 RV(L) 42.2 50.2 49.5 47.3

This results in the person having repetitive periods of insufficient ventilation and jeopardized gas exchange. This occurs when the inhibitory input to the brain exceeds excitatory output; or in simpler terms the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe.

Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance

At higher altitudes respiration rate is increased which leads to increases in ventilation (possibly a five-fold increase from sea level). Chemoreceptors in the arterial blood vessels are stimulated to signal the brain to increase ventilation. The increase in ventilation is associated with increased breathing frequency and tidal volume.

Patients had to measure their IC by using an incentive spirometer to measure static lung values. They performed this test for 20 minutes after inhaling 400 mg of salbutamol via a nebulizer. The patients were asked to use the FVC spirometer and told to take a deep breath and then to let the breath out passively. They were then asked to do the same maneuver 2 more times, but the closeness made the study choose the first attempt.

The respiratory system is a complex organ structure of the human body anatomy, and the primary purpose of this system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood vessels to carry the precious gaseous element to all parts of the body to accomplish cell respiration. The respiratory system completes this important function of breathing throughout inspiration. In the breathing process inhaling oxygen is essential for cells to metabolize nutrients and carry out some other tasks, but it must occur simultaneously with exhaling when the carbon dioxide is excreted, this exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood (McGowan, Jefferies & Turley, 2004).

Research has shown that deep breathing exercises can induce an increase in heart rate (Sroufe 1971) because heart rate is also directly correlated with breathing (Egri 2012). When breathing in, heart rate will increase; and while breathing out, heart rate will decrease (Egri 2012). Blood pressure can be reduced with slower breathing (Joseph et al. 2005). An article in the Journal of Human Hypertension showed that doing breathing exercises over a period of time can lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Grossman et al. 2001). The hypothesis in this experiment is that blood pressure and heart rate will be affected by a deep breathing exercise. The null hypothesis was that heart rate and blood pressure will be unchanged while performing a deep breathing exercise. This experiment is significant because it could help people in times of stress or anxiety/panic attacks to learn ways to calm their heart rate and blood pressure down so they may feel better. Being the most common mental illness in the United States and 18% of Americans living with it, research aiding recovery of panic attacks would be extremely useful to the public (Kessler et al. 2005).

The brain is in charge of controlling the act of breathing, with the existence of levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, in addition to some factors, such as exercise, drugs, and alcohol, can affect breathing in turn .1

Which type of breathing resulted in PCO2 levels closest to the ones we experimented with in this activity – normal

Spirometry is the most popular lung function test. The patient performs a maximal inhalation and then forcefully exhales as quickly and as long as they are able. The spirometer measures the volume of the air exhaled by patients. These measurements are taken at two intervals. The first measurement is the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), records the volume of air exhaled after one second. The second measurement is taken at the point where the patient has fully exhaled the volume of inhaled air; this measurement is the forced vital capacity (FVC) (Harpreet Ranu et al.,

Altering the rate and depth of ventilation regulates partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. Peripheral chemoreceptors, located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies, and central chemoreceptors, located in the medulla oblongata, monitor the partial pressures of the blood gases. Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen, and to a lesser extend the arterial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH. Sensing the pressure of carbon dioxide stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to join in a circuit with the central chemoreceptors to alter ventilation. Central receptors respond to changes in pH levels in the cerebral spinal fluid. Carbon dioxide combines with water across

500). The minute CO2 showed the biggest increase throughout the experiments, which correlate with neuronal control of ventilation. Initially, the input from the motor cortex causes a large increase in ventilation due to the anticipation of increased metabolism. Other possible modulators can’t be responsible because of lack of exercise to induce their responses. Also, the less increase in all the parameters is likely a consequence of the body’s level of preparedness. The onset of the exercise recruits the muscles and ventilation needed to meet metabolic needs, and additional increases require minimal modulations. Moreover, additional increases in exercise intensity are not met with the same level of anticipation, so it is likely that motor cortex input is diminished (Paterson,

Rebreathing air reabsorbs CO2 that was exhaled, and recycling unused O2, this causes CO2 levels to be higher than normal and for blood to have a lower pH. The oxygen content decrease slowly because there is a reservoir of oxygen attached to hemoglobin (Fox 556). An increase of H+ cannot influence the medullary receptors, but carbon dioxide in the arterial blood can cross the blood-brain barrier and lower the pH of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid (Fox 557). Lower in pH on the medulla oblongata stimulates the central chemoreceptors, either directly or via glia cells to release ATP as a transmitter in response to lowered pH (Fox 557). This will then increase ventilation but in several minutes. Aortic and carotid bodies sense the

Carry out an experiment to measure the heart rate and ventilation rate before, during and after moderate exercise.